Library of Turku

Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions

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| -(a)p
| -(a)p
|}
|}
In addition, combined with some common auxiliary verbs


=== Irregular and defective verbs ===
=== Irregular and defective verbs ===
Many Hngatil verbs, particularly the most common verbs, are irregular and defective in aspects marking. Contrary to one what might expect, the verb meaning to be only can be conjugated for the perfective and progressive aspects, though it changes for other factors. In addition, the verb meaning to have is actually more irregular than to be, a relative rarity among world languages.  
Many Hngatil verbs, particularly the most common verbs, are irregular and defective in aspects marking. Contrary to one what might expect, the verb meaning to be only can be conjugated for the perfective and progressive aspects, though it changes for other factors. In addition, the verb meaning to have is actually more irregular than to be, contrary to what one might assume.  


==== To be (ty-arri) ====
==== To be (ty-arri) ====
The copula in Hngatil, ''arri'', does not conjugate for classifiers. It is defective in aspectual marking, only marking for the perfective, momentane, progressive, stative, gnomic, and habitual aspects. It conjugates for all moods.  
The copula in Hngatil, ''arri'', does not conjugate for classifiers. It is defective in aspectual marking, only marking for the perfective, momentane, progressive, stative, gnomic, and habitual aspects. It conjugates for all moods.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+Arri forms in Hngatil
!
!
!Indicative
!Indicative
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!Presumptive
!Presumptive
mood
mood
!Inferrential
! colspan="2" |Inferrential
mood
mood
|-
|-
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|hngirri
|hngirri
|llarri
|llarri
|dbat'ak'
| colspan="2" |dbat'ak'
|-
|-
!Momentane
!Momentane
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|hngirru
|hngirru
|llarru
|llarru
|dbaruk'
| colspan="2" |dbaruk'
|-
|-
!Progressive
!Progressive
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|ngubiu
|ngubiu
|llabiu
|llabiu
|dbap'a
| colspan="2" |dbap'a
|-
|-
!Stative
!Stative
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|ngibu
|ngibu
|llabu
|llabu
|t'aubu
| colspan="2" |t'aubu
|-
|-
!Gnomic
!Gnomic
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|ngiud
|ngiud
|lladud
|lladud
|t'audu
| colspan="2" |t'audu
|-
|-
!Habitual
!Habitual
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|ngiiuul
|ngiiuul
|lliduyul
|lliduyul
|dihru
| colspan="2" |dihru
|-
! colspan="7" |Nonfinite forms
|-
!Auxiliary form
| colspan="6" |uurhngii
|-
!Infinitive form
| colspan="6" |tyarri
|-
!Agentive form
| colspan="6" |tyarrad
|-
!Gerund form
| colspan="6" |dyarrak'u
|-
! colspan="7" |Participle forms
|-
!
!Perfective
aspect
!Momentane
aspect
!Progressive
aspect
!Stative
aspect
!Gnomic
aspect
!Habitual
aspect
|-
!Active voice
|arrill
|urrull
|abull
|ahrull
|arrull
|abul
|-
!Passive voice
|uuriil
|uurruul
|abuul
|ahruul
|arruul
|abuul
|}
|}


==== To have (tya-nna) ====
==== To have (tya-nna) ====
Nna is the verb root meaning ''to have''. It conjugates for all several aspects: the perfective, momentane, progressive, stative, gnomic, habitual, and cessative, and classifiers, but it does not conjugate for mood at all. Nna is also a commonly used verb in forming compound aspects. Nna has the most forms out of any verb in Hngatil, with [xyz].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Nna forms in Hngatil
!
!SO
!RO
!EO
!SFI
!LO
!OC
!CC
!AO
!SAO
!IO
!PO
!LTO
!SMO
!RO
|-
!Perfective
aspect
|nnganna
|nngaka
|nngaguyt
|nalau
|nngaludga
|nngabda
|nngagkib
|ngma
|ngmuuhra
|krikpu
|ngmal
|ngmamman
|tyap
|dgag
|-
!Momentane
aspect
|nnatypa
|katypa
|gutypa
|lautypa
|lutypa
|abtypa
|agbitya
|dybam
|muutypa
|hridyba
|gadya
|mmaty
|tyaty
|dyady
|-
!Progressive
aspect
|nnatypab
|katypab
|gutypab
|lautypab
|lutypab
|abtypab
|agbityab
|dybamab
|muutypab
|hridybab
|gadyab
|mmatyp
|tyatyb
|dyadyb
|-
!Stative
aspect
|matayi
|katayi
|gutayi
|latayi
|lutayui
|alutayui
|agbutayui
|dyutayui
|muutaya
|hrityui
|gatayi
|mmatayi
|tyayi
|dahri
|-
!Gnomic
aspect
| colspan="2" |latayi
|lutayi
|latayi
|lutayi
| colspan="3" |alutayi
|umutayi
|uhrutayi
| colspan="2" |layi
|tayi
|dayi
|-
!Habitual
aspect
| colspan="5" |nguud
| colspan="4" |ngadai
| colspan="3" |hngatai
|hratai
|rrati
|-
!Cessative
aspect
| colspan="14" |irraug
|-
! colspan="15" |Nonfinite forms
|-
!Auxiliary form
| colspan="14" |irraug
|-
!Infinitive form
| colspan="14" |tyanna
|-
!Agentive form
| colspan="14" |nnad
|-
!Gerund form
| colspan="14" |dynaka
|-
! colspan="15" |Participle forms
|-
!
!Pfct.
!Mnt.
!St.
!Gn.
!Hb.
!Cs.
! colspan="8" rowspan="3" |
|-
!Active voice
|anna
|annul
|ahruul
|abuul
|aduulda
|ab
|-
!Passive voice
|unnu
|unnul
|uhruul
|ubuudal
|uuduulda
|udbaudu
|}


==== To give (tya-hmida) ====
==== To give (tya-hmida) ====


=== Infinitive ===
=== Auxiliary form ===
 
==== Uses of the auxiliary form ====
 
=== Infinitive form ===
The infinitive in Hngatil is formed by two processes: first, if the verb uses long vowels, they are changed to short vowels, and if the verb uses short vowels, the length remains the same. Secondly, the prefix ''ty(a)-'' is added to the beginning of the verb. The infinitive of to be is ''tyarri'', the infinitive of to have is ''tyanna'', and the infinitive of to give is ''tyahmida''.
The infinitive in Hngatil is formed by two processes: first, if the verb uses long vowels, they are changed to short vowels, and if the verb uses short vowels, the length remains the same. Secondly, the prefix ''ty(a)-'' is added to the beginning of the verb. The infinitive of to be is ''tyarri'', the infinitive of to have is ''tyanna'', and the infinitive of to give is ''tyahmida''.
=== Agentive form ===
=== Gerundive form ===
=== Participle forms ===


== Nominal morphology ==
== Nominal morphology ==
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!Concept, other
!Concept, other
| -rru(u)
| -rru(u)
|}
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |
!Direct
case
!Inverse
case
|-
! rowspan="4" |Singular
! colspan="2" |1p
|dyuu
|p'aralla
|-
! colspan="2" |2p
|bbali
|p'atuulla
|-
! rowspan="2" |3p
!Masculine
|uty'i
|ity'illa
|-
!Feminine/neutral
|tpaga
|typ'anglla
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plural
! colspan="2" |1p
|p'iituu
|baulla
|-
! colspan="2" |2p
| colspan="2" |ggaklii
|-
! rowspan="2" |3p
!Masculine
|aty'a
|adyailla
|-
!Feminine/neutral
|nmirrit
|nidilla
|}
|}


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=== Word order ===
=== Word order ===
Basic word order in Hngatil depends on the transitivity of a verb in a phrase. For phrases that only contain an intransitive verb, or ambitransitive verbs that are used intransitively, the basic word order is as follows: ''Verb-Adjective-Subject''. For phrases that contain transitive, ditransitive, or ambritransitive verbs used transitively, the word order is ''Verb-Subject-Adjective-Direct Object-Indirect Object'', when applicable. Generally, however, Hngatil's word order is ''Verb-Subject-Object.''
There is no strict word order in Hngatil, though generally verbs come first in a clause.


== Examples ==
== Examples ==
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