Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions
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Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique | Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique neologisms to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity with [[Kjaxono grammar]]. | ||
== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features. | Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features. Kjaxono verbs are also unique in that there are only 200-300 verbs in the language; more precise meanings are expressed by auxiliary verbs, or serial strings of other verbs. Kjaxono verbs are extremely closed class, contrasting with nouns, which are not. | ||
Kjaxono verbs are | Kjaxono verbs are constructed radically different than in other languages | ||
A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise | A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise meanings. There are four patterns in Kjaxono: | ||
* The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc. | * The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc. | ||
* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular. | * The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular. An example of such an event which would use the repetitive pattern would be the regular beeping noise of a fire alarm. | ||
* The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular. | * The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular. | ||
* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern. | * The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern. | ||
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=== Verb structure === | === Verb structure === | ||
Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the | Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the PC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Kjaxono verb template | |+Kjaxono verb template | ||
!'''PC''' | !'''PC''' | ||
! rowspan="3" |Vowel | |||
grade | |||
!TM | !TM | ||
!E | !E | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" |Stem | ||
! rowspan="3" |Vowel | |||
grade | |||
!VPA | !VPA | ||
!TM | !TM | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== | === Vowel grades === | ||
The vowel | These are the Kjaxono vowel grades. There are four vowel grades - the direct grade, reportative grade, assumptive grade, and neutral grade. The first three are used to indicate evidentiality within the verb. The direct grade is used for scenarios when the speaker directly witnessed the actions they talk about. The reportative grade is used for scenarios when the speaker is only reporting the actions they talk about. The assumptive grade is used for scenarios when the speaker assumes the actions they talk about occurred. The neutral grade is used for when evidentiality is not marked, and it is signified with the lack of a vowel in both vowel grade positions, but oftentimes a schwa is inserted to break up particularly large consonant clusters. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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=== Common objective post verbs === | === Common objective post verbs === | ||
The following is not at all an objective list of postverbs, but they are the most common. In these postverbs, the uppercase V indicates the vowel grades being used. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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!Meaning | !Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -gVbh | ||
|away from the object | |away from the object | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -zVg | ||
|towards the object | |towards the object | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -śjVx | ||
|forwards | |forwards | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|backwards | |backwards | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -sVk | ||
|to the left | |to the left | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -Vm | ||
|to the right | |to the right | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -q̌xVd | ||
|around | |around | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -gqV | ||
|inwards | |inwards | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -Vjt́ | ||
|outwards | |outwards | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -rqVt | ||
|upwards | |upwards | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -rqVg | ||
|downwards | |downwards | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -rqVš | ||
|perpendicularly | |perpendicularly | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -qVx̌ | ||
|over a straight path | |over a straight path | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -dVm | ||
|over a curving path | |over a curving path | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Examples === | |||
"Assumptively, I usually could have repeatedly gone in a curved path to him" translates to ''hǒ̖jgǒ̖qośrntdǒ̖m.'' | |||
== Nonobjective verb conjugation == | == Nonobjective verb conjugation == | ||
== Irregular verbs == | == Irregular verbs == | ||