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'''Proto-Azkali''' is the reconstructed ancestor of the modern [[Azkali language]]. Along with [[Proto-Ukilen]], the reconstruction on Proto-Azkali is one of the most extensive compared to other languages. The first conventional of Proto-Azkali started in 1500 AD, leading to the establishment of many modern linguistic reconstruction techniques that have been used for reconstructions of other languages.
'''Nekealiges Pataxea,''' often shortened to '''Pataxea''' (Azkali: ''Noazkalai Patua'') and variously referred to as '''Proto-Azkali, Ancient Azkali''', and '''Archaic Azkali''', is the ancestor of the modern Azkali language, which arose in Yamahat and Azkali after diffusing there from [northern continent]. Pataxea is perhaps the oldest extant language
 
{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Pataxea|NativeLanguage=Nekealiges Pataxea|Speakers=~8000 L2 speakers
 
605 native speakers
 
>4 monolingual speakers|WritingSystem=Pataxea script|LanguageFamily=Azkali languages|SignedForms=Satxak a Pataxea|AlternativeName=Noazkalai Patua}}
 
== Etymology and nomenclature ==


== History ==
== History ==
Throughout early Azkali history, there have been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language. The oldest grammar book in the world, the [[Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka]], describes Proto-Azkali's grammar and phonology as it was in approximately 6000 BCE, and the book itself dates to atleast 900 BCE, or as late as 1100 BCE. 


== Urhemiat ==
=== Pre-Pataxea (12,000 BCE?) ===
The homeland of Proto-Azkali speakers has been debated for centuries. There are two leading theories, the '''Northern Ukilen hypothesis''' and the '''Southwest Zuvia hypothesis''', also rather infamously known as the '''Zuvia conondrum'''.


=== Northern Ukilen hypothesis ===
=== Pataxea (8000-6000 BCE) ===
The Northern Ukilen hypothesis, first proposed in 1601 by Oikan polymath [insert name here], posits the homeland of Proto Azkali speakers in Northeast Ukilen continent, centered around [[Bongsibon]]. The Northern Ukilen hypothesis was the first theory for the homeland of Azkali ever proposed, and directly caused increased awareness of reconstruction of Proto-Azkali.


=== The Zuvia Conondrum ===
=== Merwan Pataxea (5000 BCE) ===


== Pre-East-Brausian substrate hypothesis ==
=== Nokian Pataxea and evolution into Azkali (2302 BCE onwards) ===
 
=== Increased usage and revival ===
 
=== Current day ===


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===
== Orthography ==
The consonants of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants
! rowspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Coronal
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dorsal
! rowspan="3" |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
|-
!Plain
!Labialized
!Plain
!Labialized
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasals
|'''*m'''
/m/
|'''*n'''
/n/
|'''*nw'''
/nʷ/
|'''ny'''
/ɲ/
|'''*ng'''
/ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosives
!<small>voiceless</small>
|'''*p'''
/p/
|'''*t'''
/t/
|'''*tw'''
/tʷ/
|'''*c'''
/c/
|'''*k'''
/k/
|'''*kw'''
/kʷ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''*b'''
/p'~b/
|'''*d'''
/t'~d/
|'''*dw'''
/tʷ'~dʷ/
|
|'''*g'''
/k'~g/
|'''*gw'''
/kʷ'~gʷ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricatives
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|'''*s'''
/s/
|'''*sw'''
/sʷ/
|'''*ch'''
/ç/
|'''*x'''
/x~χ/
|'''*xw'''
/xʷ~χʷ/
|'''*h'''
/h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|'''*z'''
/s'~z/
|'''*zw'''
/zʷ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Semivowels
|
|'''*l'''
/l/
|
|'''*y'''
/j/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
|'''*r'''
/ɹ/
|'''*rw'''
/ɹʷ/
|
|
|
|
|}
Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could *s or *z. The rhotic *r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.
 
=== Vowels ===
The vowel system of Proto-Azkali was a vertical vowel system, containing the three vowels /i/, /e/, and /a/, shown below;
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Front
|-
!Close
|'''*i'''
/i~ɪ/
|-
!Mid
|'''*e'''
/e~ɛ/
|-
!Open
|'''*a'''
/a/
|}


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Nouns in Proto-Azkali declined for 6 cases: the '''Nominative''', marking the object of a transitive or intransitive verb, the '''Ergative''', marking the subject of a transitive verb, the '''Accusative''' marking the direct object of a transitive verb and in past clauses, the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs, the '''Genitive''', marking a relationship between two nouns, the '''Privative''', marking the lack of ownership specifically on a marked noun, and the '''Instrumental''', marking the noun as being the instrument by which the verb was accomplished (this can be a physical object or a concept). Neither Proto-Azkali verbs nor nouns nor adjectives were inflected, with all inflection being conveyed via particles.


Proto-Azkali had a split-ergative morphological alignment. In the future and present tenses, the nominative and accusative cases were used; in past tenses, the ergative case was used, and the accusative case acted as the absolutive case. Case marking appeared to have been conveyed via particles, shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Proto-Azkali case
!Nominative
|Ø
|-
!Ergative
|*ne
|-
!Accusative
|*ka
|-
!Genitive
|*kaca
|-
!Privative
|*za
|-
!Instrumental
|*gazi
|}
=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verbs in Proto-Azkali were not conjugated. Instead, all relevant information were signified, like nouns, with particles. These particles changed for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Proto-Azkali verbal particles could conjugate for two tenses (past and non past), aspect (imperfective, perfective), and mood (indicative, subjunctive, positive imperative, and negative imperative), in addition to the subject, direct object, and indirect object of a phrase when applicable.


Verbs in Proto-Azkali were exceedingly regular, even more so than modern forms of the Azkali language. There were no irregular verbs in the language at all. Contrastingly, verbal particles were by far the most complex parts of Proto-Azkali grammar. This is the template for a verbal particle in Proto-Azkali:  
==== Overview ====
{| class="wikitable"
The most basic categorization for Pataxea verbs is the ''aspect''. Contrary to the name, Pataxea aspect actually represents a form of lexical aspect, of which there are three:
|+
 
!Person
* stative: verbs that depict a state of being, with an indefinite or absent beginning or end.
!Tense
* active: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning but an indefinite end.
Aspect
* eventive: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning and end.
!ROOT
 
!Mood
Pataxea verbs behaved differently, and indeed conjugated differently based on their aspect. Several strategies existed to switch a verb one aspect to another, most commonly by auxiliary verbs or suffixes. Verbs have three moods: 
!Person
|}


==== Person indices ====
* indicative: the default mood, indicating that something is a statement of fact.
Person marking in verbal particles were indicated by prefixes and suffixes. We will first cover the prefixes, which marked the subject of intransitive verbs and direct objects of transitive verbs.
* subjunctive: used to represent various states of unreality like assumption, emotion, obligation, opinion, possibility, etc.
{| class="wikitable"
* optative: used to indicate wish or hope.
|+Subject/direct object marking (with examples
Verbs have four tenses:
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Pronoun
! rowspan="2" |Suffix
! rowspan="8" |
! colspan="3" |Intransitive verb
(Present tense,


perfective aspect,  
* non-past: used for actions not in the past; equivalent to a present tense.
* future: used for actions that will happen in the future.
* past: used for actions that previously occurred.
* far-past: used for actions that previously occurred long ago, for timeless states of being, and other various uses.


indicative mood)
Verbs have three grammatical voices:
! colspan="3" |Transitive verb
(Present tense,


perfective aspect,  
* active: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's agent.
* passive: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's patient.
* reciprocal: used when both participants take the role of agent and patient in respect to each other.
There is also a category unique to Pataxea and Azkali, called ''version''. Version is semantically diverse and can either add abstract meaning to a verb stem or provide additional information to the verb, including causality, accompaniment, and so on. Azkali's version system is much fuller than Pataxea's version system.


indicative mood)
Verbs have three grammatical persons, the first, second, and third. The third person is subdivided into the masculine, feminine, and neutral. There is no distinction made between grammatical number.Pataxea verbal morphology is in general substantially less complicated than Azkali verbal morphology: unlike in Azkali, in which all verbs can conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, mood, persons, etc, only a very small subset of Pataxea verbs can. The verbs that can conjugate like this are called ''synthetic verbs'', while the rest are called ''periphrastic'' (''verbs''). The only synthetic Pataxea verbs are '''is''' (to be), '''ia''' (to have), '''ahha''' (to do), '''eiexe''' (to have), '''reas''' (to run), and '''ea''' (to give). In Pataxea, the sentence ''Kre saxanerel sarieak'' translates to "I ate with him". This can be broken down into:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Kre
! rowspan="3" |
!saxan
!erel
! rowspan="3" |
!sa
!ri
!ea
!k
|-
|-
!etwai (to hear)
!first person singular
!akwe (to sit)
ergative pronoun
!hizwi (to swim)
!stem
!esei (to have)
!past
!retai (to wash)
participle
!maka (to see)
!third person singular
masculine absolutive affix
!past tense stem of ''is''
!accompaniment
verbal version
!first person singular
ergative affix
|-
|-
!1 singular
|I
|ke
| colspan="2" |eaten
|k(e)-
|he
|keran etwa
|was
(I hear)
|with
|keran akwe
|I
(I sit)
|keran hizwi
(I swin)
|
|
|
|-
!1 plural
|es
|e(t)-
|eran etwai
(We hear)
|eran akwe
(We sit)
|eran hizwi
(We swim)
|
|
|
|-
!2 singular
|te
|t(e)-
|teran etwai
(You hear)
|teran akwe
(You sit)
|teran hizwi
(You swim)
|
|
|
|-
!2 plural
|ean
|ea(t)-
|earan etwai
(You all hear)
|earan akwe
(You all sit)
|earan hizwi
(You all swim)
|
|
|
|-
!3 singular
|bai
|b(a)-
|baran etwai
(He/she/it hears)
|baran akwe
(He/she/it sits)
|baran hizwi
(He/she/it swims)
|
|
|
|-
!3 plural
|en
|n(e)-
|neran etwai
(They hear)
|neran akwe
(They sit)
|neran hizwi
(They swim)
|
|
|
|}
|}


== Lexicon ==
==== Periphrastic verbs ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Periphrastic verbs form the vast majority of Pataxea verbs. They are called periphrastic verbs because they require synthetic verbs, which essentially act as auxiliary verbs, in order to conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, moods, persons, etc. The most common auxiliary verbs of this type are '''is''' (to be), '''ia''' (to have), and '''ahha''' (to do). Periphrastic verbs only take non-finite conjugation, which include participles, the infinitive, and an agentive suffix. The primary suffixes of these types are:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!No.
! colspan="2" |
!Gloss
!Vowel ending
!Proto-Azkali
!Consonant ending
(Nora 1960)
!Notes
!Modern Azkali
|-
|-
|1
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
|I
| -n
|*ke
| -en
|
|go
|-
|-
|2
! colspan="2" |Agentive
|you (singular)
| -na
|*te
| -a
|
|te
|-
|-
|3
! rowspan="4" |Participle
|he, she, it
!Far-past
|*bai
| -xs
|
| -eaxs
|mei
|-
|-
|4
!Past
|we
| -rel
|*es
| -erel
|
|ko
|-
|-
|5
!Non-past
|you (plural)
| -sa
|*ean
| -esa
|
|ku
|-
|-
|6
!Future
|they
| -rek
|*en
| -erek
|
|}
|kei
It can be seen in this example that periphrastic verbs take tense marking when placed in the participle, and while ungrammatical, it is technically possible to parse a sentence without a synthetic auxiliary verb. These suffixes are also occasionally used in the creation of nouns: for example, the Pataxea word ''titakaina'', meaning author, is derived from ''tita'', to read, and the agentive suffix -na.
 
The so called "secondary suffixes" are rarer participle suffixes for certain periphrastic verbs. A list of these secondary suffixes are shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of secondary participle suffixes
! colspan="2" |
!Vowel ending
!Consonant ending
!Notes
|-
|-
|7
! rowspan="4" |-xi
|this
!Far-past
|*anasgeri
| -xas
|
| -exas
|nazkuriz
| rowspan="4" |''-xi'' is used for most, but not all, verbs of a
stative (i.e describing states of being, such as
 
permanent qualities) lexical aspects. It is the
 
participle of ''is.''
|-
|-
|8
!Past
|that
| -xel
|*keri
| -exel
|
|kauli
|-
|-
|9
!Non-past
|here
| -xi
|*on
| -exi
|
|hon
|-
|-
|10
!Future
|there
| -xik
|
| -exik
|
|heri
|-
|-
|11
! rowspan="4" |-bi
|who
!Far-past
|*gamea
| -bas
|
| -ebas
|amori (interrogative)
| rowspan="4" | -''bi'' is used for many obligatory verbal actions,
which includes working, eating, drinking, etc.
 
It is the participle of ''ea''.
|-
|-
|12
!Past
|what
| -bel
|*gamera
| -ebel
|
|amozeri (interrogative)
|-
|-
|13
!Non-past
|where
| -bi
|*gachera
| -ebi
|
|amicheri (interrogative)
|-
|-
|14
!Future
|when
| -bik
|*gesera
| -ebik
|
|isari (interrogative)
|-
|-
|15
! rowspan="4" |-bal
|how
!Far-past
|*kea
| -bez
|
| -ebez
|amera (interrogative)
| rowspan="4" | -''bol'' is used for some verbs of a eventive (i.e
describing short, single events) lexical aspects.
 
It is the participle of ''reas'' and ''ia''.
|-
|-
|16
!Past
|not
| -bel
|*ga(n)-
| -ebel
|
|hu-
|-
|-
|17
!Non-past
|all
| -bal
|*ke(n)-
| -ebal
|
|gen-
|-
|-
|18
!Future
|many
| -bak
|*gazg(i)-
| -ebak
|
|asti-
|-
|-
|19
! rowspan="3" |-bes
|some
!Far past
|*eze(n)-
| -beas
|
| -ebeas
|sen-
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|20
!Past
|few
| -beal
|*-(n)an
| -ebeal
|
|irria-
|-
|-
|21
!Nonpast
|other
| -bes
|
| -ebes
|
|gou-
|-
|-
|22
! rowspan="3" |-sag
|one
!Far past
|*chat
| -ses
|
| -eses
|at
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|23
!Past
|two
| -seg
|*chatei
| -eseg
|
|aitei
|-
|-
|24
!Nonpast
|three
| -sag
|*charei
| -asag
|
|iriu
|-
|-
|25
! rowspan="3" |-kua
|four
!Far past
|*chamadei
| -kas
|
| -akas
|madhet
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|26
!Past
|five
| -kual
|*chakei
| -akual
|
|kaizo
|-
|-
|27
!Nonpast
|big
| -kua
|
| -akua
|
|motzi
|-
|-
|28
! rowspan="3" |-aiz
|long
!Far past
|
| -az
|
| -naz
|zogi
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|29
!Past
|wide
| -eiz
|
| -neiz
|
|sogi
|-
|-
|30
!Nonpast
|thick
| -aiz
|
| -naiz
|
|astsathi
|-
|-
|31
! rowspan="3" |-leid
|heavy
!Far past
|*debi
| -lad
|
| -alad
|dheri
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|32
!Past
|small
| -ledua
|*mei
| -eledua
|
|mei
|-
|-
|33
!Nonpast
|short
| -leid
|
| -eleid
|
|
|-
|-
|34
! rowspan="3" |-maki
|narrow
!Far past
|
| -masi
|
| -amasi
|
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|35
!Past
|thin
| -meki
|
| -emeki
|
|
|-
|-
|36
!Nonpast
|woman
| -maki
|*chemega
| -amaki
|
|kuiga
|-
|-
|37
! rowspan="3" |-mid
|man (adult male)
!Far past
|*chamiga
| -mes
|
| -emes
|maiga
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|38
!Past
|man (kali being)
| -med
|*echalia
| -emed
|(either *echalia or
<nowiki>*</nowiki>egalia were likely used)
|kali
|-
|-
|39
!Nonpast
|child
| -mid
|*esachigi
| -amid
|
|atsini
|-
|-
|40
! rowspan="3" |-miz
|wife
!Far past
| rowspan="2" |*chetaz
| -mes
|
| -emes
|eitoiz
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|41
!Past
|husband
| -med
|
| -emed
|paotoiz
|-
|-
|42
!Nonpast
|mother
| -miz
|*mama
| -emiz
|
|}
|mama
 
===== Compound verb constructions =====
Almost all Pataxea phrases contain compound verbal constructions, formed with a periphrastic verb placed most often in the participle, followed by a conjugated synthetic verb. Different combinations of periphrastic verb inflection and synthetic conjugation can combine to form a rich array of inflection, far more than can be expressed in synthetic verbs alone. These periphrastic conjugations can include compound tenses, different moods, verbal aspects, and so on. A non-exhaustive list of these periphrastic conjugations follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Some periphrastic forms
!Tense
!Form
!Examples
!Notes
|-
|-
|43
!Present
|father
simple
|*papa
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
+ synthetic non-past tense
|
|
|papa
* ''nis'' 'I am'
|-
* ''tis'' 'You are'
|44
* ''kis'' 'They/it are/is'
|animal
* ''chixrua nis'' 'I am cold'
|*chitzaga
* ''tachixi nis'' 'I read'
* ''naikebi nis'' 'I work'
|
|
|isana
|-
|-
|45
!Present
|fish
habitual
|
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
+ present of ''ia'' (have)
|
|
* ''chixrua nia'' 'I am usually cold'
* ''tachixi nia'' 'I usually read'
* ''naikebi nia'' 'I usually work'
|
|
|-
|-
|46
!Gnomic
|bird
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
|
+ far past of ''is'' (be)
|
|
* ''chixrua nasis'' 'I am cold'
* ''tachixi nasis'' 'I read'
* ''naikebi nasis'' 'I work'
|
|
|-
|-
|47
!Present
|dog
continuative
|
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
+ synthetic non-past tense +
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|48
!
|louse
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|49
!
|snake
|*ezaze
|(possibly onomatopoeic)
|tzatzu
|-
|50
|worm
|*azardaxe
|
|
|tzoradhei
|-
|51
|tree
|
|
| rowspan="2" |
|zamait
|-
|52
|forest
|
|
|zamaikon
|-
|-
|53
!
|stick
|*dera
|
|
|dhoru
|-
|54
|fruit
|*ralisa
|
|
|*ralitsa
|-
|55
|seed
|*cai
|
|
|chai
|-
|-
|56
!
|leaf
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|57
!
|root
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|58
!
|bark (of a tree)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|59
!
|flower
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|60
!
|grass
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|61
!
|rope
|
|
|
|-
|62
|skin
|
|
|
|-
|63
|meat
|
|
|
|-
|64
|blood
|
|
|
|-
|65
|bone
|
|
|
|-
|66
|fat (noun)
|
|
|
|-
|67
|egg
|
|
|
|-
|68
|horn
|*echoirwa
|
|koiha
|-
|69
|tail
|*twacha
|
|taka
|-
|
|feather
|
|
|
|-
|
|hair
|*ehwel
|
|terel
|-
|
|head
|
|
|
|-
|
|ear
|
|
|
|-
|
|eye
|
|
|
|-
|
|nose
|
|
|
|-
|
|mouth
|
|
|
|-
|
|tooth
|
|
|
|-
|
|tongue (organ)
|
|
|
|-
|
|fingernail
|
|
|
|-
|
|foot
|
|
|
|-
|
|leg
|
|
|
|-
|
|knee
|
|
|
|-
|
|hand
|
|
|
|-
|
|wing
|
|
|
|-
|
|belly
|
|
|
|-
|
|guts
|
|
|
|-
|
|neck
|
|
|
|-
|
|back
|
|
|
|-
|
|breast
|peke
|
|heizke
|-
|
|heart
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|liver
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|to drink
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|to eat
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|to bite
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|to suck
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|to spit
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|to vomit
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|to blow
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|to breathe
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|to laugh
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|to see
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|to hear
|twa
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|haitz
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|to know
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|usan
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|to think
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|to smell
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|to fear
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|to sleep
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|to live
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|areisu
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|to die
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|ri
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|to kill
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|reilon
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|to fight
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|to hunt
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|to hit
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|to cut
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|to split
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|to stab
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|to scratch
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|to dig
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|to swim
|hizwi
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|to fly
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|to walk
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|to come
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|to lie (as in a bed)
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|to sit
|*akwe
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|erakei
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|to stand
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|-
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|to turn (intransitive)
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|-
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|to fall
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|to give
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|to hold
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|to squeeze
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|to rub
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|to wash
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|to wipe
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|to pull
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|to push
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|to throw
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|to tie
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|to sew
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|to count
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|to say
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|to sing
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|to play
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|to float
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|to flow
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|to freeze
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|to swell
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|sun
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|moon
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|star
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|water
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|rain
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|river
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|lake
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|sea
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|salt
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|stone
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|sand
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|dust
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|earth
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|cloud
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|fog
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|sky
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|wind
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|snow
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|ice
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|smoke
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|fire
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|ash
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|to burn
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|road
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|mountain
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|red
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|green
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|yellow
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|white
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|black
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|night
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|day
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|year
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|warm
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|cold
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|full
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|new
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|old
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|good
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|bad
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|rotten
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|dirty
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|straight
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|round
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|sharp (as a knife)
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|dull (as a knife)
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|smooth
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|wet
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|dry
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|correct
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|near
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|far
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|right
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|left
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|at
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|in
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|with
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|and
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== Contact with Proto-Ukilen ==
==== Synthetic verbs ====
Synthetic verbs represent the most complicated portion of Pataxea morphology. As stated previously, synthetic verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person, and version, unlike periphrastic verbs. There are only six synthetic verbs: '''is''' (to be), '''ia''' (to have), '''ahha''' (to do), '''eiexe''' (to have), '''reas''' (to run), and '''ea''' (to give).
 
== Writing system ==
 
=== Branchscript ===
 
== Lexicon ==
 
== Influences on other languages ==

Latest revision as of 16:45, 11 April 2025

Nekealiges Pataxea, often shortened to Pataxea (Azkali: Noazkalai Patua) and variously referred to as Proto-Azkali, Ancient Azkali, and Archaic Azkali, is the ancestor of the modern Azkali language, which arose in Yamahat and Azkali after diffusing there from [northern continent]. Pataxea is perhaps the oldest extant language


Etymology and nomenclature

History

Pre-Pataxea (12,000 BCE?)

Pataxea (8000-6000 BCE)

Merwan Pataxea (5000 BCE)

Nokian Pataxea and evolution into Azkali (2302 BCE onwards)

Increased usage and revival

Current day

Phonology

Orthography

Morphology

Nouns

Verbs

Overview

The most basic categorization for Pataxea verbs is the aspect. Contrary to the name, Pataxea aspect actually represents a form of lexical aspect, of which there are three:

  • stative: verbs that depict a state of being, with an indefinite or absent beginning or end.
  • active: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning but an indefinite end.
  • eventive: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning and end.

Pataxea verbs behaved differently, and indeed conjugated differently based on their aspect. Several strategies existed to switch a verb one aspect to another, most commonly by auxiliary verbs or suffixes. Verbs have three moods:

  • indicative: the default mood, indicating that something is a statement of fact.
  • subjunctive: used to represent various states of unreality like assumption, emotion, obligation, opinion, possibility, etc.
  • optative: used to indicate wish or hope.

Verbs have four tenses:

  • non-past: used for actions not in the past; equivalent to a present tense.
  • future: used for actions that will happen in the future.
  • past: used for actions that previously occurred.
  • far-past: used for actions that previously occurred long ago, for timeless states of being, and other various uses.

Verbs have three grammatical voices:

  • active: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's agent.
  • passive: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's patient.
  • reciprocal: used when both participants take the role of agent and patient in respect to each other.

There is also a category unique to Pataxea and Azkali, called version. Version is semantically diverse and can either add abstract meaning to a verb stem or provide additional information to the verb, including causality, accompaniment, and so on. Azkali's version system is much fuller than Pataxea's version system.

Verbs have three grammatical persons, the first, second, and third. The third person is subdivided into the masculine, feminine, and neutral. There is no distinction made between grammatical number.Pataxea verbal morphology is in general substantially less complicated than Azkali verbal morphology: unlike in Azkali, in which all verbs can conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, mood, persons, etc, only a very small subset of Pataxea verbs can. The verbs that can conjugate like this are called synthetic verbs, while the rest are called periphrastic (verbs). The only synthetic Pataxea verbs are is (to be), ia (to have), ahha (to do), eiexe (to have), reas (to run), and ea (to give). In Pataxea, the sentence Kre saxanerel sarieak translates to "I ate with him". This can be broken down into:

Kre saxan erel sa ri ea k
first person singular

ergative pronoun

stem past

participle

third person singular

masculine absolutive affix

past tense stem of is accompaniment

verbal version

first person singular

ergative affix

I eaten he was with I

Periphrastic verbs

Periphrastic verbs form the vast majority of Pataxea verbs. They are called periphrastic verbs because they require synthetic verbs, which essentially act as auxiliary verbs, in order to conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, moods, persons, etc. The most common auxiliary verbs of this type are is (to be), ia (to have), and ahha (to do). Periphrastic verbs only take non-finite conjugation, which include participles, the infinitive, and an agentive suffix. The primary suffixes of these types are:

Vowel ending Consonant ending
Infinitive -n -en
Agentive -na -a
Participle Far-past -xs -eaxs
Past -rel -erel
Non-past -sa -esa
Future -rek -erek

It can be seen in this example that periphrastic verbs take tense marking when placed in the participle, and while ungrammatical, it is technically possible to parse a sentence without a synthetic auxiliary verb. These suffixes are also occasionally used in the creation of nouns: for example, the Pataxea word titakaina, meaning author, is derived from tita, to read, and the agentive suffix -na.

The so called "secondary suffixes" are rarer participle suffixes for certain periphrastic verbs. A list of these secondary suffixes are shown below:

List of secondary participle suffixes
Vowel ending Consonant ending Notes
-xi Far-past -xas -exas -xi is used for most, but not all, verbs of a

stative (i.e describing states of being, such as

permanent qualities) lexical aspects. It is the

participle of is.

Past -xel -exel
Non-past -xi -exi
Future -xik -exik
-bi Far-past -bas -ebas -bi is used for many obligatory verbal actions,

which includes working, eating, drinking, etc.

It is the participle of ea.

Past -bel -ebel
Non-past -bi -ebi
Future -bik -ebik
-bal Far-past -bez -ebez -bol is used for some verbs of a eventive (i.e

describing short, single events) lexical aspects.

It is the participle of reas and ia.

Past -bel -ebel
Non-past -bal -ebal
Future -bak -ebak
-bes Far past -beas -ebeas
Past -beal -ebeal
Nonpast -bes -ebes
-sag Far past -ses -eses
Past -seg -eseg
Nonpast -sag -asag
-kua Far past -kas -akas
Past -kual -akual
Nonpast -kua -akua
-aiz Far past -az -naz
Past -eiz -neiz
Nonpast -aiz -naiz
-leid Far past -lad -alad
Past -ledua -eledua
Nonpast -leid -eleid
-maki Far past -masi -amasi
Past -meki -emeki
Nonpast -maki -amaki
-mid Far past -mes -emes
Past -med -emed
Nonpast -mid -amid
-miz Far past -mes -emes
Past -med -emed
Nonpast -miz -emiz
Compound verb constructions

Almost all Pataxea phrases contain compound verbal constructions, formed with a periphrastic verb placed most often in the participle, followed by a conjugated synthetic verb. Different combinations of periphrastic verb inflection and synthetic conjugation can combine to form a rich array of inflection, far more than can be expressed in synthetic verbs alone. These periphrastic conjugations can include compound tenses, different moods, verbal aspects, and so on. A non-exhaustive list of these periphrastic conjugations follows:

Some periphrastic forms
Tense Form Examples Notes
Present

simple

(periphrastic non-past participle)

+ synthetic non-past tense

  • nis 'I am'
  • tis 'You are'
  • kis 'They/it are/is'
  • chixrua nis 'I am cold'
  • tachixi nis 'I read'
  • naikebi nis 'I work'
Present

habitual

(periphrastic non-past participle)

+ present of ia (have)

  • chixrua nia 'I am usually cold'
  • tachixi nia 'I usually read'
  • naikebi nia 'I usually work'
Gnomic (periphrastic non-past participle)

+ far past of is (be)

  • chixrua nasis 'I am cold'
  • tachixi nasis 'I read'
  • naikebi nasis 'I work'
Present

continuative

(periphrastic non-past participle)

+ synthetic non-past tense +

Synthetic verbs

Synthetic verbs represent the most complicated portion of Pataxea morphology. As stated previously, synthetic verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person, and version, unlike periphrastic verbs. There are only six synthetic verbs: is (to be), ia (to have), ahha (to do), eiexe (to have), reas (to run), and ea (to give).

Writing system

Branchscript

Lexicon

Influences on other languages

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