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Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

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Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique words to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity with [[Kjaxono grammar]].
Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique neologisms to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity with [[Kjaxono grammar]].


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.  
Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features. Kjaxono verbs are also unique in that there are only 200-300 verbs in the language; more precise meanings are expressed by auxiliary verbs, or serial strings of other verbs. Kjaxono verbs are extremely closed class, contrasting with nouns, which are not.  


Kjaxono verbs are unique in that there are only 200-300 verbs in the language; more precise meanings are expressed by auxiliary verbs, or serial strings of other verbs. Kjaxono verbs are extremely closed class, contrasting with nouns, which are not.  
Kjaxono verbs are constructed radically different than in other languages  


A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:   
A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise meanings. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:   


* The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc.
* The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc.
* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.  
* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular. An example of such an event which would use the repetitive pattern would be the regular beeping noise of a fire alarm.
* The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular.
* The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular.
* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern.
* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern.
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** ''Fragmentative''
** ''Fragmentative''
*'''Person'''
*'''Person'''
Kjaxono verbs are unique cross-linguistically in that for the most part, the full meaning that is conjugated for is only represented via the consonants, with the vowels in every slot except the verb stem being inserted to avoid illegal consonant clusters. The vowel that is inserted into the verb depends on the vowel in the verb stem: if the verb stem has no vowel, /æ/ is the vowel that is inserted, if a verb stem has one vowel, the vowel that is in the verb stem is inserted, and in verb stems with more than one vowel, the final vowel of the verb stem is inserted.
Kjaxono verbs are unique cross-linguistically in that for the most part, the full meaning that is conjugated for is only represented via the consonants, with the vowels in every slot except the verb stem being inserted to avoid illegal consonant clusters. The vowel that is inserted into the verb depends on the type of evidentiality being employed  
 
An exception to this above rule is when inflecting for evidentiality. When inflecting for evidentiality, a system of vowel grades is employed, which change depending on the stem and tense and mood affix.


=== Verb structure ===
=== Verb structure ===
Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the pC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on.
Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the PC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kjaxono verb template
|+Kjaxono verb template
!'''pC'''
!'''PC'''
| rowspan="5" |'''(v)'''
! rowspan="3" |Vowel
grade
!TM
!TM
! rowspan="3" |'''(V)'''
!E
'''Evidentiality'''
! rowspan="3" |Stem
! rowspan="5" |'''<u>STEM</u>'''
! rowspan="3" |Vowel
| rowspan="5" |'''(V)<ref>The insertion of a vowel between the verb stem and the voice and pattern affix is uncommon. It is a promenant feature of the Aqcjam dialect, however.</ref>'''
grade
!VPA
!VPA
!TM
!TM
| rowspan="5" |'''(V)'''
!P
!'''pC'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Polypersonal clitic
| rowspan="2" |Polypersonal clitic
|<u>Tense</u>
|<u>Tense</u>
|Evidentiality
|Voice
|Voice
| rowspan="2" |<u>Mood</u>
| rowspan="2" |<u>Mood</u>
| rowspan="2" |Polypersonal clitic
| rowspan="2" |Postverb
|-
|-
|<u>Mood</u>
|<u>Mood</u>
|or Vowel(s)
|Pattern
|Pattern
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
! rowspan="2" |1
! rowspan="2" |2
! rowspan="2" |2
! rowspan="2" |2a
! rowspan="2" |3
|Aspect
! rowspan="2" |4
! rowspan="2" |5
! rowspan="2" |5
! rowspan="2" |6
! rowspan="2" |6
|Aspect
! rowspan="2" |8
! rowspan="2" |9
|-
|-
!3
!7
|}
|}
Only the tense and mood affix is required to be present within a Kjaxono verb. This is what is most commonly employed, though in semi-formal and formal speech more inflection is employed.   
Only the tense and mood affix is required to be present within a Kjaxono verb. This is what is most commonly employed, though in semi-formal and formal speech more inflection is employed.   


== Conjugation ==
== Objective verb conjugation ==
As previously stated, the objective verb conjugation covers all verbs that are transitive, and have positive volition.
 
=== Person marking ===
All Kjaxono verbs inflect for the subject, direct object, and indirect object of a phrase, when applicable.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |No direct object
or neutral as to one
! colspan="4" |Subject
|-
!1p
!2p
!3p
!Dummy
|-
! rowspan="3" |Indirect
object
!1p
|c-
|n-
|j-
|x-
|-
!2p
|q-
|ż-
|k-
|l-
|-
!3p
!∅
|z-
|g-
|mj-
|-
! colspan="6" |Animate direct object
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" |Subject
|-
!1p
!2p
!3p
!Dummy
|-
! rowspan="3" |Indirect
object
!1p
|ck-
|nk-
|jk-
|xk-
|-
!2p
|qk-
|żk-
|kd-
|lk-
|-
!3p
|h-
|zk-
|gk-
|mk-
|-
! colspan="6" |Inanimate direct object
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" |Subject
|-
!1p
!2p
!3p
!Dummy
|-
! rowspan="3" |Indirect
object
!1p
|s-
|x̌-
|z-
|ng-
|-
!2p
|r-
|ŋ-
|t-
|x̌jl-
|-
!3p
|b-
|m-
|rb-
|rj-
|}
 
=== Tense/mood marking ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Past
!Hodiernal past
!Present
!Future
|-
!Indicative
| -jt-
| -ŋj-
!∅
| -hl-
|-
!Conditional
| -jg-
| -tŋ-
| -p-
| -rg-
|-
!Hypothetical
| -jq-
| -tp-
| -xjt-
| -sk-
|-
!Hard imperative
| -h-
| -hs-
| -zng-
| -gz-
|-
!Soft imperative
| -q- (-gq-)
| -x̌- (-n-)
| -lg-
| -bh-
|}
 
=== Vowel grades ===
These are the Kjaxono vowel grades. There are four vowel grades - the direct grade, reportative grade, assumptive grade, and neutral grade. The first three are used to indicate evidentiality within the verb. The direct grade is used for scenarios when the speaker directly witnessed the actions they talk about. The reportative grade is used for scenarios when the speaker is only reporting the actions they talk about. The assumptive grade is used for scenarios when the speaker assumes the actions they talk about occurred. The neutral grade is used for when evidentiality is not marked, and it is signified with the lack of a vowel in both vowel grade positions, but oftentimes a schwa is inserted to break up particularly large consonant clusters.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Direct
!Reportative
!Assumptive
|-
| -eǔ-
| -u-
| -ǒ̖-
|}
 
=== Voice/aspect/pattern marking ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="5" |Active voice
|-
!
!Punctual
!Repetitive
!Ireggularitive
!Fragmentative
|-
!Perfective
| -l-
| -q́r-
| -q́s-
| -q́br-
|-
!Habitual
| -śl-
| rowspan="2" | -śr-
| rowspan="2" | -ś-
| rowspan="2" | -śj-
|-
!Continuous
| -xl-
|-
!Gnomic
| -tŋ-
| -tr-
| -gq-
| -qŋ-
|-
! colspan="5" |Middle voice
|-
!
!Punctual
!Repetitive
!Ireggularitive
!Fragmentative
|-
!Perfective
| -ǧ-
| -ǧl-
| -ǧs-
| -ǧb-
|-
!Habitual
| -n-
| -nl-
| -ns-
| -nb-
|-
!Continuous
| -c-
| -cl-
| -cs-
| -cb-
|-
!Gnomic
| -n-
| -nl-
| -ns-
| -nb-
|-
! colspan="5" |Passive voice
|-
!
!Punctual
!Repetitive
!Ireggularitive
!Fragmentative
|-
!Perfective
| -'t-
| -'l-
| -'s-
| -'b-
|-
!Habitual
| -'n-
| -'nl-
| -'ns-
| -'nb-
|-
!Continuous
| -ż-
| -żl-
| -żs-
| -żg-
|-
!Gnomic
| -'n-
| -'nl-
| -'ns-
| -'nb-
|}
 
=== Secondary mood marking ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Indicative
!Conditional
!Hypothetical
!Hard imperative
!Soft imperative
|-
| -njm-
| -nt-
| -gjm-
| -hm-
| -hd-
|}
 
=== Common objective post verbs ===
The following is not at all an objective list of postverbs, but they are the most common. In these postverbs, the uppercase V indicates the vowel grades being used.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Postverb
!Meaning
|-
| -gVbh
|away from the object
|-
| -zVg
|towards the object
|-
| -śjVx
|forwards
|-
| -rh
|backwards
|-
| -sVk
|to the left
|-
| -Vm
|to the right
|-
| -q̌xVd
|around
|-
| -gqV
|inwards
|-
| -Vjt́
|outwards
|-
| -rqVt
|upwards
|-
| -rqVg
|downwards
|-
| -rqVš
|perpendicularly
|-
| -qVx̌
|over a straight path
|-
| -dVm
|over a curving path
|}
 
=== Examples ===
"Assumptively, I usually could have repeatedly gone in a curved path to him" translates to ''hǒ̖jgǒ̖qośrntdǒ̖m.''


== Examples ==
== Nonobjective verb conjugation ==


== Irregular verbs ==
== Irregular verbs ==
Retrieved from "https://lot.icosahedr.online/wiki/Kjaxono_verbs"