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Kjaxono language: Difference between revisions

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=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Kjaxono's consonant inventory of 41 phonemes is typical of other Xjedgjaŋ languages. However, compared cross-linguistically, Kjaxono's phonology is quite unusual. Even for Xjedgjaŋ languages, it features a rich series of uvular consonants  
Kjaxono's consonant inventory of [however many..] phonemes is typical of other Xjedgjaŋ languages. However, compared cross-linguistically, Kjaxono's phonology is quite unusual. Even for Xjedgjaŋ languages, it features a rich series of uvular consonants  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant phonemes of Kjaxono
|+Consonant phonemes of Kjaxono
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! colspan="2" |[[W:Bilabial|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Bilabial|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Alveolar|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Alveolar|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Velar|Velar]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Velar|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Uvular|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Uvular|Uvular]]
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|'''nj'''
|'''nj'''
/nʲ/
/nʲ/
|
|'''ŋ'''
|'''ŋ'''
/ŋ/
/ŋ/
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
!<small>[[W:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[W:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|'''p'''
|'''p'''
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|'''tj'''
|'''tj'''
/tʲ/
/tʲ/
|
|'''k'''
|'''k'''
/k/
/k/
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|'''q'''
|'''q'''
/[[W:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]/
/[[W:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]/
| rowspan="2" |'''<nowiki/>''''
| rowspan="3" |'''<nowiki/>''''
/[[W:Glottal stop|ʔ]]/
/[[W:Glottal stop|ʔ]]/
|-
!<small>[[W:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|'''ṕ'''
/pʰ/
|'''ṕj'''
/pʲʰ/
|'''t́'''
/tʰ/
|'''t́j'''
/tʲʰ/
|
|'''ḱ'''
/kʰ/
|'''ḱj'''
/kʲʰ/
|'''q́'''
/qʰ/
|-
|-
!<small>[[W:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[W:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
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|'''d'''
|'''d'''
/d/
/d/
|
|
|
|'''g'''
|'''g'''
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|'''cj'''
|'''cj'''
/t͡sʲ/
/t͡sʲ/
|'''tš'''
/t͡ʃ/
|'''x'''
|'''x'''
/k͡x/
/k͡x/
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|'''żj'''
|'''żj'''
/d͡zʲ/
/d͡zʲ/
|
|'''dž'''
|
/d͡ʒ/
|
|'''ǧ'''
/ɡɣ/
|'''ǧj'''
/ɡɣʲ/
|'''q̌x'''
/ɢʁ/
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="3" |Fricative
!<small>[[W:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[W:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
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|'''sj'''
|'''sj'''
/sʲ/
/sʲ/
|'''š'''
/ʃ/
|'''x̌'''
|'''x̌'''
/x/
/x/
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|'''h'''
|'''h'''
/[[W:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/
/[[W:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/
|-
!<small>[[W:Nasalization|nasalized]]</small>
|
|
|'''ś'''
/s̃/
|'''śj'''
/s̃ʲ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>[[W:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[W:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
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|'''zj'''
|'''zj'''
/zʲ/
/zʲ/
|'''ž'''
/ʒ/
|
|
|
|
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|'''j'''
|'''j'''
/ʎ/
/ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
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=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kjaxono plain vowels
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Front
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|'''ǒ'''
|'''ǒ'''
/o:/
/o:/
|}
All Kjaxono vowels with the exception of /e:/ can be nasalized, as shown below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kjaxono nasalized vowels
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Back
|-
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|-
!Close
|'''i̖'''
/ĩ/
|'''ǐ̖'''
/ĩ:/
|'''u̖'''
/ũ/
|'''ǔ̖'''
/ũ:/
|-
!Open
|'''a̖'''
/ã/
|
|'''o̖'''
/õ/
|'''ǒ̖'''
/õ:/
|}
|}


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
Until the introduction of .  
Kjaxono uses a modified form of the Mallian alphabet called the ''malqtksa̖.''


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
''See main article:'' ''[[Kjaxono grammar]]''
''See main article:'' ''[[Kjaxono grammar]]''


Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of ''transitive-intransitive'' - with the agent of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for only '''2 cases''' - ''transitive'' and ''intransitive,'' as previously stated. In addition, while not explicitely inflected, Kjaxono nouns also have '''2 numbers''' - ''singular'' and ''plural.'' Kjaxano features no grammatical gender and no adjectival agreement of any form.  
Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of ''transitive-intransitive'' - with the subject of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for only '''2 cases''' - ''transitive'' and ''intransitive,'' as previously stated. In addition, while not explicitely inflected, Kjaxono nouns also have '''2 numbers''' - ''singular'' and ''plural.'' Kjaxano features no grammatical gender and no adjectival agreement of any form.  


In contrast, verbs are by far the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono. In some cases, they can represent entire sentences by themselves. Kjaxono verbs are often the epicenter of linguistic research into the language, and verbs in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family as a whole are generally one of their most known attributes in linguistics as a whole. For a overview, see '''[[Kjaxono language#Verbal system|§6 Verbal System]]''' and [[Kjaxono verbs]].  
In contrast, verbs are by far the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono. In some cases, they can represent entire sentences by themselves. Kjaxono verbs are often the epicenter of linguistic research into the language, and verbs in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family as a whole are generally one of their most known attributes in linguistics as a whole. For a overview, see '''[[Kjaxono language#Verbal system|§6 Verbal System]]''' and [[Kjaxono verbs]].  
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|}
|}
In Kjaxono, only pronouns are inherently given a gender. There are three genders used: ''Kjarelen'', used for Kjarelen species individuals, ''Non-kjarelen'', used for non-kjarelen species individuals, aswell as non sapient animals and animate phenomena and objects, such as rain, cities, and so on, and ''inanimate'', used for inanimate objects. Pronouns in Kjaxono are not differentiated via sex; one differentiates the sex of the noun replaced via said noun's sex being added after the pronoun. Consider the following phrase:
In Kjaxono, only pronouns are inherently given a gender. There are three genders used: ''Kjarelen'', used for Kjarelen species individuals, ''Non-kjarelen'', used for non-kjarelen species individuals, aswell as non sapient animals and animate phenomena and objects, such as rain, cities, and so on, and ''inanimate'', used for inanimate objects. Pronouns in Kjaxono are not differentiated via sex; one differentiates the sex of the noun replaced via said noun's sex being added after the pronoun. Consider the following phrase:
* ''Kjabǒ gqunja [placeholder]'' →


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
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