Kzmr language: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage=Kzmr | <nowiki>{{delete|Page topic no longer exists.}}</nowiki>{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage={{Kzmr|KZMR`}}|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|[kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩]]]|Speakers=3.4 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' ({{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''tþru Kzmrk'', <small>pronunciation: </small>[[w:Help:IPA|[tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak]]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrš|Kkzmrš]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]]. | ||
Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]]. | Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]]. | ||
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=== Šzþ Kzmr === | === Šzþ Kzmr === | ||
Due to the lack of phonetic writing in early Kzmr usages of traditional Ukilen, it is difficult to delineate the history of the language cluster into separate periods. Nonetheless, the variety used in the [[Šzþ|ššzþ]], or traditional epic poems of the | Due to the lack of phonetic writing in early Kzmr usages of traditional Ukilen, it is difficult to delineate the history of the language cluster into separate periods. Nonetheless, the variety used in the [[Šzþ|ššzþ]], or traditional epic poems of the Kkzmrš, has various distinctive syntactical features not shared with modern varieties, and is thus classified by linguists as the distinct Šzþ Kzmr form. Some bionyms in the [[Baphian language|Baphian]] and [[Jkawi language|Jkawi]] languages are speculated to be loaned from this early variety. | ||
=== Modern Kzmr === | === Modern Kzmr === | ||
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In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each. | In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each. | ||
There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, '' | There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, ''thn-'', which patterns like ''t-''. Though commonly translated as "damned [noun]", it can also be associated with emotional valences besides contempt, such as shock or fear. | ||
=== ''Vocativa tantum'' === | === ''Vocativa tantum'' === | ||
A ''vocativum tantum'' is a noun which appears solely in the vocative case. To be used in other syntactic roles, it must be used in conjunction with a classifier noun. Though these overlap with mass nouns, not all mass nouns are ''vocativa tantum'' and vice versa. For instance, " | A ''vocativum tantum'' is a noun which appears solely in the vocative case. To be used in other syntactic roles, it must be used in conjunction with a classifier noun. Though these overlap with mass nouns, not all mass nouns are ''vocativa tantum'' and vice versa. For instance, "caribou" in the nominative is phrased as ''dždu xhvnmi'' (<code>CLF caribou-VOC</code>). ''Vocativa tantum'' are pluralized by pluralizing the classifier rather than the classified noun. | ||
=== Defective nouns === | === Defective nouns === | ||
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Defective nouns are a variety of indeclinable nouns which are assigned their syntactic role by using one of two topical postpositions and replacing their intended place in the sentence with a pronominal. The two topical postpositions are ''bþ'', used when the topic takes an agentive or patientive role, and ''nn'' used otherwise. Baphian loans, as well as abbreviated forms of Kzmr nouns, are frequently defective nouns. Take the following sentence, for instance: | Defective nouns are a variety of indeclinable nouns which are assigned their syntactic role by using one of two topical postpositions and replacing their intended place in the sentence with a pronominal. The two topical postpositions are ''bþ'', used when the topic takes an agentive or patientive role, and ''nn'' used otherwise. Baphian loans, as well as abbreviated forms of Kzmr nouns, are frequently defective nouns. Take the following sentence, for instance: | ||
''''Kshkhi bþ | ''''Kshkhi bþ hhnry þ' h'u.'''<br/><code>kuzeke.elang TOP play-PRES.IMPF 1-NOM 3.INAM-ACC</code><br/>''I play [[kuzeke elang]].'' | ||
The literal meaning of this expression could be translated as "As for | The literal meaning of this expression could be translated as "As for kuzeke elang, I play it." | ||
=== Table === | === Table === | ||
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! dgšu (bird) | ! dgšu (bird) | ||
! Srn ([[Srn]]) | ! Srn ([[Srn]]) | ||
! | ! þksatrs (bat ''(hon.)'') | ||
! * | ! *xhhny (caribou) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative | | Nominative | ||
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| dgšu | | dgšu | ||
| Srn, tSrn | | Srn, tSrn | ||
| | | þksatrs | ||
| | | gdu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative | | Accusative | ||
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| dgšgu | | dgšgu | ||
| tgSrn | | tgSrn | ||
| | | þksutrs | ||
| | | gdgu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative | | Dative | ||
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| dgšvu | | dgšvu | ||
| tvSrn | | tvSrn | ||
| | | þksatrs | ||
| | | gdvu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive | | Genitive | ||
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| dgšku | | dgšku | ||
| tkSrn | | tkSrn | ||
| | | þksžatrs | ||
| | | gdku xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ablative | | Ablative | ||
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| dgšdu | | dgšdu | ||
| tdSrn | | tdSrn | ||
| | | þksatrs | ||
| | | gddu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative | | Vocative | ||
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| dgšmu | | dgšmu | ||
| tmSrn | | tmSrn | ||
| rowspan="3" | | | rowspan="3" | þksitrs | ||
| | | xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative/Instrumental | | Locative/Instrumental | ||
| dgšvu | | dgšvu | ||
| tvSrn | | tvSrn | ||
| | | gdvu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Allative | | Allative | ||
| dgšhnu | | dgšhnu | ||
| thnSrn | | thnSrn | ||
| | | gdhnu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adessive | | Adessive | ||
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| dgšzu | | dgšzu | ||
| tzSrn | | tzSrn | ||
| | | þksutrs | ||
| | | gdzu xhhnmy | ||
|} | |} | ||
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One common form of compound is the the verbal-nominal, stemming from a verb participle followed by a noun taking one of the seven oblique cases in Kzmr to create an adjective: | One common form of compound is the the verbal-nominal, stemming from a verb participle followed by a noun taking one of the seven oblique cases in Kzmr to create an adjective: | ||
(THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE FIXED UNTIL I ACTUALLY READD PARTICIPLES | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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Kzmr word order is primarily VSO. | Kzmr word order is primarily VSO. | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||