Oikan language: Difference between revisions

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'''Oikan''' (Oikan: {{Ukilen|oikto}} ''Oikto'' [ˈo̞i̯.~~ktɵ̞~~]) is the official language of [[Sunteria]]. It is a ~~Mallo-~~Brausian ~~language~~.

'''Oikan''' (Oikan: {{Ukilen|oikto}} ''Oikto'' [ˈo̞i̯.ktə]) is the official language of [[Sunteria]]. It is a [[Helnian languages|Helnian language]].

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Oikan|AlternativeName=Sunterian

Kalilondese|NativeLanguage=Oikto|LanguageFamily=[[Brausian languages|Brausian]]|EarlyForms=[[Old Oikan]]

[[Middle Oikan]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Sunteria]]|LanguageNPrnnctn=[ˈo̞i̯.ktə]|WritingSystem=Oikan mixed script ([[Ukilen logographs]] and [[Astseredontia]])}}

== Phonology ==

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|Mid

|e [e̞~ə]

|o [o̞~ɵ̞]

|o [o̞~ə]

|-

|Open

| colspan="2" |a [ä~ɐ]

| colspan="2" |a [ä~ə]

|-

! colspan="3" |Diphthongs

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=== Allophony ===

* /m/ is labiodental when followed by /f, v/

* /n, l/ are palatal when followed by /e, ei̯, eu̯, i, iu̯, j, ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/

* /n, l/ are velar when followed by /o, oi̯, ou̯, u, ui̯, w, k, g/

* /tp, pt/ are realized as [t͡p], and /db, bd/ are realized as [d͡b]

* monophthongs are reduced in unstressed syllables

* /m/ is labiodental when followed by /f, v/

* /n/ and /l/ are palatal when followed by /e, ei̯, eu̯, i, iu̯, j, ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/

* /n/ and /l/ are velar when followed by /o, oi̯, ou̯, u, ui̯, w, k, g/

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure: (C)⁴V(C)⁷

Syllable structure: (C)4V(C)5

* a phoneme cannot cluster with itself, or with a phoneme that differs only by voicing, within the same syllable

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== Orthography ==

Oikan is written in a mixed script consisting of [[Ukilen logographs]] (''~~rehie~~'') and [[Astseredontia|Astseredontia letters]] (''~~suenie~~'').

Oikan is written in a mixed script consisting of [[Ukilen logographs]] (''nesieikieve'') and [[Astseredontia|Astseredontia letters]] (''saianikieve'').

There are three types of readings of ''nesieikieve'': ''džesamsaianve'' (native readings), ''iemiesaianve'' (Bapho-Xenic readings), and ''džangieiemiesaianve'' (neo-Baphian readings).

== Grammar ==

* Three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter

* Two grammatical numbers: singular and plural

* Three grammatical persons: first-person, second-person, and third-person

* Three grammatical tenses: past, present, and future

* Five grammatical aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, prospective, and gnomic

* Four grammatical moods: indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive

* Eight grammatical cases for nouns, adjectives, and determiners: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental, locative, and ablative

* Nine grammatical cases for pronouns: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental, locative, ablative, and disjunctive

* Three types of declensions for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

* No possessive adjectives exist—instead, the genitive case is used

* One genitive construction is (article, if appropriate) + (modified) + (article in the genitive case, if appropriate) + (modifier in the genitive case)—this is roughly equivalent to an English "of" construction

* Another genitive construction is (article in the genitive case, if appropriate) + (modifier in the genitive case) + (modified)—this is roughly equivalent to an English Saxon genitive construction

* Synesis does not occur—agreement in number is based only on grammatical number, agreement in person is based only on grammatical person, and agreement in gender is based only on grammatical gender

* Not pro-drop

* Double negatives cancel each other out

* Free word order but SVO is the most common word order in practice

* Adjectives always precede the noun they modify

* Adverbs always precede the thing they modify

* All prepositions take the dative case

* The default gender is the neuter

* Agents of passive verbs are in the instrumental case

* No exact equivalents of "there to be" or "there to exist" exist—instead, the equivalent of "to be" or "to exist" is used

* In counterfactual conditional sentences, the protasis is in the subjunctive mood and the apodosis is in the conditional mood

* Counterfactual conditional sentences do not have "fake past"

* In indicative conditional sentences, the protasis is in the indicative mood and the apodosis is in the indicative mood

* Use of proclitic forms is mandatory wherever phonotactically possible

* No exact equivalent of “very” exists—instead, the augmentative is used

== Vocabulary ==

== Dialectal variation ==

There are many dialects of Oikan. Oikan dialects can be divided into two groups: yod-coalescing dialects and yod-preserving dialects. Yod-coalescing dialects are dialects where the sound shift {dj, d͡zj, d͡ʒj}, {sj, ʃj}, {tj, t͡sj, t͡ʃj}, {zj, ʒj} → d͡ʒ, ʃ, t͡ʃ, ʒ has occurred. Yod-preserving dialects are dialects where said sound shift did not occur.

[[Category:Languages]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Oikan''' (Oikan: {{Ukilen|oikto}} ''Oikto'' [ˈo̞i̯.ktɵ̞]) is the official language of [[Sunteria]]. It is a Mallo-Brausian language.
+'''Oikan''' (Oikan: {{Ukilen|oikto}} ''Oikto'' [ˈo̞i̯.ktə]) is the official language of [[Sunteria]]. It is a [[Helnian languages|Helnian language]].
+{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Oikan|AlternativeName=Sunterian<br>
+Kalilondese|NativeLanguage=Oikto|LanguageFamily=[[Brausian languages|Brausian]]|EarlyForms=[[Old Oikan]]<br>
+[[Middle Oikan]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Sunteria]]|LanguageNPrnnctn=[ˈo̞i̯.ktə]|WritingSystem=Oikan mixed script ([[Ukilen logographs]] and [[Astseredontia]])}}
 == Phonology ==
@@ Line 78: / Line 82: @@
 |Mid
 |e [e̞~ə]
-|o [o̞~ɵ̞]
+|o [o̞~ə]
 |-
 |Open
-| colspan="2" |a [ä~ɐ]
+| colspan="2" |a [ä~ə]
 |-
 ! colspan="3" |Diphthongs
@@ Line 104: / Line 108: @@
 === Allophony ===
+* /m/ is labiodental when followed by /f, v/
+* /n, l/ are palatal when followed by /e, ei̯, eu̯, i, iu̯, j, ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
+* /n, l/ are velar when followed by /o, oi̯, ou̯, u, ui̯, w, k, g/
+* /tp, pt/ are realized as [t͡p], and /db, bd/ are realized as [d͡b]
 * monophthongs are reduced in unstressed syllables
-* /m/ is labiodental when followed by /f, v/
-* /n/ and /l/ are palatal when followed by /e, ei̯, eu̯, i, iu̯, j, ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
-* /n/ and /l/ are velar when followed by /o, oi̯, ou̯, u, ui̯, w, k, g/
 === Phonotactics ===
-Syllable structure: (C)⁴V(C)⁷
+Syllable structure: (C)<sup>4</sup>V(C)<sup>5</sup>
 * a phoneme cannot cluster with itself, or with a phoneme that differs only by voicing, within the same syllable
@@ Line 143: / Line 148: @@
 == Orthography ==
-Oikan is written in a mixed script consisting of [[Ukilen logographs]] (''rehie'') and [[Astseredontia|Astseredontia letters]] (''suenie'').
+Oikan is written in a mixed script consisting of [[Ukilen logographs]] (''nesieikieve'') and [[Astseredontia|Astseredontia letters]] (''saianikieve'').
+There are three types of readings of ''nesieikieve'': ''džesamsaianve'' (native readings), ''iemiesaianve'' (Bapho-Xenic readings), and ''džangieiemiesaianve'' (neo-Baphian readings).
 == Grammar ==
+* Three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter
+* Two grammatical numbers: singular and plural
+* Three grammatical persons: first-person, second-person, and third-person
+* Three grammatical tenses: past, present, and future
+* Five grammatical aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, prospective, and gnomic
+* Four grammatical moods: indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive
+* Eight grammatical cases for nouns, adjectives, and determiners: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental, locative, and ablative
+* Nine grammatical cases for pronouns: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental, locative, ablative, and disjunctive
+* Three types of declensions for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives
+* No possessive adjectives exist—instead, the genitive case is used
+* One genitive construction is (article, if appropriate) + (modified) + (article in the genitive case, if appropriate) + (modifier in the genitive case)—this is roughly equivalent to an English "of" construction
+* Another genitive construction is (article in the genitive case, if appropriate) + (modifier in the genitive case) + (modified)—this is roughly equivalent to an English Saxon genitive construction
+* Synesis does not occur—agreement in number is based only on grammatical number, agreement in person is based only on grammatical person, and agreement in gender is based only on grammatical gender
+* Not pro-drop
+* Double negatives cancel each other out
+* Free word order but SVO is the most common word order in practice
+* Adjectives always precede the noun they modify
+* Adverbs always precede the thing they modify
+* All prepositions take the dative case
+* The default gender is the neuter
+* Agents of passive verbs are in the instrumental case
+* No exact equivalents of "there to be" or "there to exist" exist—instead, the equivalent of "to be" or "to exist" is used
+* In counterfactual conditional sentences, the protasis is in the subjunctive mood and the apodosis is in the conditional mood
+* Counterfactual conditional sentences do not have "fake past"
+* In indicative conditional sentences, the protasis is in the indicative mood and the apodosis is in the indicative mood
+* Use of proclitic forms is mandatory wherever phonotactically possible
+* No exact equivalent of “very” exists—instead, the augmentative is used
 == Vocabulary ==
+== Dialectal variation ==
+There are many dialects of Oikan. Oikan dialects can be divided into two groups: yod-coalescing dialects and yod-preserving dialects. Yod-coalescing dialects are dialects where the sound shift {dj, d͡zj, d͡ʒj}, {sj, ʃj}, {tj, t͡sj, t͡ʃj}, {zj, ʒj} → d͡ʒ, ʃ, t͡ʃ, ʒ has occurred. Yod-preserving dialects are dialects where said sound shift did not occur.
+[[Category:Languages]]