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'''Proto-Azkali''' is the reconstructed ancestor of the modern [[Azkali language]]. No direct evidence of Proto-Azkali's existance exist. Practically all of the information on Proto-Azkali is based on [[W:Internal reconstruction|internal reconstruction]]. Along with [[Proto-Ukilen]], the reconstruction on Proto-Azkali is one of the most extensive compared to other languages. The first reconstructions of Proto-Azkali started in 1500 AD, leading to the establishment of many modern linguistic reconstruction techniques.
'''Nekealiges Pataxea,''' often shortened to '''Pataxea''' (Azkali: ''Noazkalai Patua'') and variously referred to as '''Proto-Azkali, Ancient Azkali''', and '''Archaic Azkali''', is the ancestor of the modern Azkali language, which arose in Yamahat and Azkali after diffusing there from [northern continent]. Pataxea is perhaps the oldest extant language
 
{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Pataxea|NativeLanguage=Nekealiges Pataxea|Speakers=~8000 L2 speakers
 
605 native speakers
 
>4 monolingual speakers|WritingSystem=Pataxea script|LanguageFamily=Azkali languages|SignedForms=Satxak a Pataxea|AlternativeName=Noazkalai Patua}}
 
== Etymology and nomenclature ==


== History ==
== History ==
There is no direct evidence of the existance of Proto-Azkali as a language.
 
=== Pre-Pataxea (12,000 BCE?) ===
 
=== Pataxea (8000-6000 BCE) ===
 
=== Merwan Pataxea (5000 BCE) ===
 
=== Nokian Pataxea and evolution into Azkali (2302 BCE onwards) ===
 
=== Increased usage and revival ===
 
=== Current day ===


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===
== Orthography ==
The consonants of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:
 
== Morphology ==
 
=== Nouns ===
 
=== Verbs ===
 
==== Overview ====
The most basic categorization for Pataxea verbs is the ''aspect''. Contrary to the name, Pataxea aspect actually represents a form of lexical aspect, of which there are three:
 
* stative: verbs that depict a state of being, with an indefinite or absent beginning or end.
* active: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning but an indefinite end.
* eventive: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning and end.
 
Pataxea verbs behaved differently, and indeed conjugated differently based on their aspect. Several strategies existed to switch a verb one aspect to another, most commonly by auxiliary verbs or suffixes. Verbs have three moods: 
 
* indicative: the default mood, indicating that something is a statement of fact.
* subjunctive: used to represent various states of unreality like assumption, emotion, obligation, opinion, possibility, etc.
* optative: used to indicate wish or hope.
Verbs have four tenses:
 
* non-past: used for actions not in the past; equivalent to a present tense.
* future: used for actions that will happen in the future.
* past: used for actions that previously occurred.
* far-past: used for actions that previously occurred long ago, for timeless states of being, and other various uses.
 
Verbs have three grammatical voices:
 
* active: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's agent.
* passive: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's patient.
* reciprocal: used when both participants take the role of agent and patient in respect to each other.
There is also a category unique to Pataxea and Azkali, called ''version''. Version is semantically diverse and can either add abstract meaning to a verb stem or provide additional information to the verb, including causality, accompaniment, and so on. Azkali's version system is much fuller than Pataxea's version system.
 
Verbs have three grammatical persons, the first, second, and third. The third person is subdivided into the masculine, feminine, and neutral. There is no distinction made between grammatical number.Pataxea verbal morphology is in general substantially less complicated than Azkali verbal morphology: unlike in Azkali, in which all verbs can conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, mood, persons, etc, only a very small subset of Pataxea verbs can. The verbs that can conjugate like this are called ''synthetic verbs'', while the rest are called ''periphrastic'' (''verbs''). The only synthetic Pataxea verbs are '''is''' (to be), '''ia''' (to have), '''ahha''' (to do), '''eiexe''' (to have), '''reas''' (to run), and '''ea''' (to give). In Pataxea, the sentence ''Kre saxanerel sarieak'' translates to "I ate with him". This can be broken down into:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants
!Kre
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |Coronal
!saxan
! rowspan="2" |Dorsal
!erel
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
! rowspan="3" |
!sa
!ri
!ea
!k
|-
|-
!Alveolar
!first person singular
!Palatal
ergative pronoun
!stem
!past
participle
!third person singular
masculine absolutive affix
!past tense stem of ''is''
!accompaniment
verbal version
!first person singular
ergative affix
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasals
|I
|'''*m'''
| colspan="2" |eaten
/m/
|he
|'''*n'''
|was
/n/
|with
|
|I
|'''*ng'''
|}
/ŋ/
 
|
==== Periphrastic verbs ====
Periphrastic verbs form the vast majority of Pataxea verbs. They are called periphrastic verbs because they require synthetic verbs, which essentially act as auxiliary verbs, in order to conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, moods, persons, etc. The most common auxiliary verbs of this type are '''is''' (to be), '''ia''' (to have), and '''ahha''' (to do). Periphrastic verbs only take non-finite conjugation, which include participles, the infinitive, and an agentive suffix. The primary suffixes of these types are:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |
!Vowel ending
!Consonant ending
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosives
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
!<small>voiceless</small>
| -n
|'''*p'''
| -en
/p/
|'''*t'''
/t/
|'''*c'''
/c/
|'''*k'''
/k/
|
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
! colspan="2" |Agentive
|'''*b'''
| -na
/b~p'/
| -a
|'''*d'''
/d-t'/
|
|'''*g'''
/g~k'/
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricatives
! rowspan="4" |Participle
!<small>voiceless</small>
!Far-past
|
| -xs
|'''*s'''
| -eaxs
/s/
|'''*ch'''
/ç/
|'''*x'''
/x~χ/
|'''*h'''
/h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!Past
|
| -rel
|'''*z'''
| -erel
/z~s'/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Semivowels
!Non-past
|
| -sa
|'''*l'''
| -esa
/l/
|'''*y'''
/j/
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
!Future
|
| -rek
|'''*r'''
| -erek
/ɹ/
|
|
|
|}
|}
Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could *s or *z. The rhotic *r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.  
It can be seen in this example that periphrastic verbs take tense marking when placed in the participle, and while ungrammatical, it is technically possible to parse a sentence without a synthetic auxiliary verb. These suffixes are also occasionally used in the creation of nouns: for example, the Pataxea word ''titakaina'', meaning author, is derived from ''tita'', to read, and the agentive suffix -na.


=== Vowels ===
The so called "secondary suffixes" are rarer participle suffixes for certain periphrastic verbs. A list of these secondary suffixes are shown below:
The vowels of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+List of secondary participle suffixes
!
! colspan="2" |
!Front
!Vowel ending
!Consonant ending
!Notes
|-
|-
!Close
! rowspan="4" |-xi
|'''*i'''
!Far-past
/i~ɪ/
| -xas
|-
| -exas
!Mid
| rowspan="4" |''-xi'' is used for most, but not all, verbs of a
|'''*e'''
stative (i.e describing states of being, such as
/e~ɛ/
|-
!Open
|'''*a'''
/a/
|}
 
== Morphology ==


=== Nouns ===
permanent qualities) lexical aspects. It is the
Nouns in Proto-Azkali declined for 6 cases: the '''Nominative''', marking the object of a transitive or intransitive verb, the '''Ergative''', marking the subject of a transitive verb, the '''Accusative''' marking the direct object of a transitive verb and in past clauses, the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs, the '''Genitive''', marking a relationship between two nouns, the '''Privative''', marking the lack of ownership specifically on a marked noun, and the '''Instrumental''', marking the noun as being the instrument by which the verb was accomplished (this can be a physical object or a concept).


Proto-Azkali had a split-ergative morphosyntactical alignment. In the future and present tenses, the nominative and accusative cases were used; in past tenses, the ergative case was used, and the accusative case acted as the absolutive case. Case marking appeared to have been conveyed via particles, shown below:
participle of ''is.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Proto
!Nominative
|Ø
|-
|-
!Ergative
!Past
|*ne
| -xel
| -exel
|-
|-
!Accusative
!Non-past
|*ka
| -xi
| -exi
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Future
|*kaca
| -xik
| -exik
|-
|-
!Privative
! rowspan="4" |-bi
|*za
!Far-past
|-
| -bas
!Instrumental
| -ebas
|*gazi
| rowspan="4" | -''bi'' is used for many obligatory verbal actions,
|}
which includes working, eating, drinking, etc.
Contrasting with regular nouns, pronouns had distinct forms based on their case:


=== Verbs ===
It is the participle of ''ea''.
 
== Lexicon ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!No.
!Gloss
!Proto-Azkali
(Nora 1960)
!Notes
!Modern Azkali
|-
|-
|1
!Past
|I
| -bel
|*ke
| -ebel
|(or possibly *ki)
|go
|-
|-
|2
!Non-past
|you (singular)
| -bi
|*te
| -ebi
|
|te
|-
|-
|3
!Future
|he
| -bik
|*bai
| -ebik
|
|mei
|-
|-
|4
! rowspan="4" |-bal
|we
!Far-past
|*an
| -bez
|
| -ebez
|oen
| rowspan="4" | -''bol'' is used for some verbs of a eventive (i.e
describing short, single events) lexical aspects.
 
It is the participle of ''reas'' and ''ia''.
|-
|-
|5
!Past
|you (plural)
| -bel
|*ean
| -ebel
|
|uen
|-
|-
|6
!Non-past
|they (plural)
| -bal
|*en
| -ebal
|
|ein
|-
|-
|7
!Future
|this
| -bak
|*anazgeri
| -ebak
|
|nazkuriz
|-
|-
|8
! rowspan="3" |-bes
|that
!Far past
|*keri
| -beas
|
| -ebeas
|kauli
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|9
!Past
|here
| -beal
|*on
| -ebeal
|
|hon
|-
|-
|10
!Nonpast
|there
| -bes
|
| -ebes
|
|heri
|-
|-
|11
! rowspan="3" |-sag
|who
!Far past
|*gamea
| -ses
|
| -eses
|amori (interrogative)
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|12
!Past
|what
| -seg
|*gamera
| -eseg
|
|amozeri (interrogative)
|-
|-
|13
!Nonpast
|where
| -sag
|*gachera
| -asag
|
|amicheri (interrogative)
|-
|-
|14
! rowspan="3" |-kua
|when
!Far past
|*gesera
| -kas
|
| -akas
|isari (interrogative)
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|15
!Past
|how
| -kual
|*kea
| -akual
|
|amera (interrogative)
|-
|-
|16
!Nonpast
|not
| -kua
|*ga(n)-
| -akua
|
|hu-
|-
|-
|17
! rowspan="3" |-aiz
|all
!Far past
|*ke(n)-
| -az
|
| -naz
|gen-
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|18
!Past
|many
| -eiz
|*gazg(i)-
| -neiz
|
|asti-
|-
|-
|19
!Nonpast
|some
| -aiz
|*eze(n)-
| -naiz
|
|sen-
|-
|-
|20
! rowspan="3" |-leid
|few
!Far past
|*-(n)an
| -lad
|
| -alad
|irria-
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|21
!Past
|other
| -ledua
|
| -eledua
|
|gou-
|-
|-
|22
!Nonpast
|one
| -leid
|*chat
| -eleid
|
|at
|-
|-
|23
! rowspan="3" |-maki
|two
!Far past
|*chatei
| -masi
|
| -amasi
|aitei
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|24
!Past
|three
| -meki
|*charei
| -emeki
|
|iriu
|-
|-
|25
!Nonpast
|four
| -maki
|*chamadei
| -amaki
|
|madhet
|-
|-
|26
! rowspan="3" |-mid
|five
!Far past
|*chakei
| -mes
|
| -emes
|kaizo
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
|27
!Past
|big
| -med
|
| -emed
|
|motzi
|-
|-
|28
!Nonpast
|long
| -mid
|
| -amid
|
|zogi
|-
|-
|29
! rowspan="3" |-miz
|wide
!Far past
|
| -mes
|
| -emes
|sogi
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|30
|thick
|
|
|astsathi
|-
|-
|31
!Past
|heavy
| -med
|
| -emed
|
|
|-
|-
|32
!Nonpast
|small
| -miz
|
| -emiz
|
|}
|
 
===== Compound verb constructions =====
Almost all Pataxea phrases contain compound verbal constructions, formed with a periphrastic verb placed most often in the participle, followed by a conjugated synthetic verb. Different combinations of periphrastic verb inflection and synthetic conjugation can combine to form a rich array of inflection, far more than can be expressed in synthetic verbs alone. These periphrastic conjugations can include compound tenses, different moods, verbal aspects, and so on. A non-exhaustive list of these periphrastic conjugations follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Some periphrastic forms
!Tense
!Form
!Examples
!Notes
|-
|-
|33
!Present
|short
simple
|
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
+ synthetic non-past tense
|
|
* ''nis'' 'I am'
* ''tis'' 'You are'
* ''kis'' 'They/it are/is'
* ''chixrua nis'' 'I am cold'
* ''tachixi nis'' 'I read'
* ''naikebi nis'' 'I work'
|
|
|-
|-
|34
!Present
|narrow
habitual
|
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
+ present of ''ia'' (have)
|
|
* ''chixrua nia'' 'I am usually cold'
* ''tachixi nia'' 'I usually read'
* ''naikebi nia'' 'I usually work'
|
|
|-
|-
|35
!Gnomic
|thin
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
|
+ far past of ''is'' (be)
|
|
* ''chixrua nasis'' 'I am cold'
* ''tachixi nasis'' 'I read'
* ''naikebi nasis'' 'I work'
|
|
|-
|-
|36
!Present
|woman
continuative
|*chemega
|(periphrastic non-past ''participle'')
+ synthetic non-past tense +
|
|
|kuiga
|-
|37
|man (adult male)
|*chamiga
|
|
|maiga
|-
|-
|38
!
|man (kali being)
|*echalia
|(either *echalia or
<nowiki>*</nowiki>egalia were likely used)
|kali
|-
|39
|child
|*sachigi
|
|
|atsini
|-
|40
|wife
| rowspan="2" |*chetaz
|
|
|eitoiz
|-
|41
|husband
|
|
|paotoiz
|-
|-
|42
!
|mother
|*mama
|
|
|mama
|-
|43
|father
|*papa
|
|
|papa
|-
|44
|animal
|*chitzaga
|
|
|isana
|-
|-
|45
!
|fish
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|46
!
|bird
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|47
!
|dog
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|48
!
|louse
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|49
!
|snake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|50
!
|worm
|
|
|
|-
|51
|tree
|*gra
|(almost certainly derived
from Mallo-Brausian)
|zamait
|-
|52
|forest
|*grablia
|(almost certainly derived
from Mallo-Brausian)
|zamaikon
|-
|53
|stick
|
|
|
|-
|54
|fruit
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
!
|
|
|
|
|
Line 483: Line 408:
|}
|}


== Contact with Proto-Ukilen ==
==== Synthetic verbs ====
Synthetic verbs represent the most complicated portion of Pataxea morphology. As stated previously, synthetic verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person, and version, unlike periphrastic verbs. There are only six synthetic verbs: '''is''' (to be), '''ia''' (to have), '''ahha''' (to do), '''eiexe''' (to have), '''reas''' (to run), and '''ea''' (to give).
 
== Writing system ==
 
=== Branchscript ===
 
== Lexicon ==
 
== Influences on other languages ==
Retrieved from "https://lot.icosahedr.online/wiki/Pataxea"