Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique words to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity at least with [[Kjaxono grammar]].

 

 

 

 

 

Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.  

 

Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix. Tense is applied to the '''2a''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot, and the '''6b''' subslot of the '''At²''' slot only if aspect is also expressed. Tense is also sometimes applied on the '''1b''' subslot of the '''PrV''' slot.

 

Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter. Mood is applied to the '''2b''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot of the verb template as seen below. Moods are marked in combination with person. As a result, one does not necessarily need a pronoun at the start of the phrase to make sense.   

 

Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows.  

 

Whilst usually conveyed via word order, Kjaxono verbs have 3 voices: the ''active, middle'', and ''passive''. They are applied to the '''V''' slot of the verb template as seen below.  

Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''6a''' subslot of '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.   

A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:   

* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.  

 

 

In total, Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following. Segments that are <u>underlined</u> are only featured in irregular verbs. 

 

** ''[[W:Hodiernal tense|Hodiernal]]''

** ''[[W:Momentane|Momentane]]''

** ''[[W:Prospective aspect|Prospective]]''

** ''[[W:Continuous and progressive aspects|Progressive]]''

** ''[[W:Grammatical aspect#Terms for various aspects|Stative]]''

** ''[[W:Gnomic aspect|Gnomic]]''

Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest.

! colspan="2" |PrV

! colspan="2" |TmpD

! rowspan="3" |'''STEM'''

| colspan="2" |Preverb

| rowspan="2" |'''Tense'''

|'''Person and Mood'''

| rowspan="2" |Evidentiality

| rowspan="2" |Pattern

| rowspan="2" |Voice

| colspan="2" |Postverb

|Locative type

|Tense

!1a

!1b

!2a

!2b

!3

!4

!5a

!6a

Only the parts in '''bold''' are required to be present within a Kjaxono verb.

In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition.  

== Transitive scale (Objective scale) ==

As previously stated, the transitive scale is used for transitive verbs and verbs with volition - i.e intent. Due to the fact that there is no marking for volition in Kjaxono, the only way to determine volition in a verb is it's conjugation. Most transitive scale verbs are paritally defective in tense - in some scenarios, they only conjuate for three tenses, being the past, perfect, and nonpast.

 

|+Preverb tenses

! colspan="4" |Perfect

! rowspan="2" |Past

! rowspan="2" |Nonpast

!Continuative perfect

!Anterior perfect

!Universal perfect

!Recent perfect

|n(ǔ)-

|e-

|}

{| class="wikitable"

!1st

! rowspan="2" |Past

!Past

|i-

|'''N/A'''

|c(e)-

| rowspan="2" |kj(e)-

| rowspan="6" |''o-''

! colspan="2" |Conditional

| rowspan="2" |ŋj(e)-

! colspan="2" |Perfect

| rowspan="2" |'''N/A'''

! colspan="2" |Potential

| rowspan="2" |l(e)-

! rowspan="2" |Nonpast

!Present

! colspan="2" |Hypothetical

! rowspan="2" |Imperative

!Hard

! rowspan="2" |

| colspan="2" |ż(o)-

! rowspan="2" |

| colspan="2" |qż(o)-

!Soft

| colspan="2" |c(o)-

| colspan="2" |gqż(o)-

|}

{| class="wikitable"

!Direct

| -x̌q-

!Reportative

| -d-

!Assumptive

| -ng-

{| class="wikitable"

|+Pattern suffixes

!Punctual

!Repetitive

| -tk(-)

!Irregularitive

| -lǒ(-)

!Fragmentative

| -te(-)

|+Aspect and tense suffixes (with voice changes)

! colspan="7" |Active voice

!Perfect

!Nonpast

!Past

!Perfective

| rowspan="2" | -gje(-)

| -gje(-)

| rowspan="2" | -gjut

| rowspan="2" | -tjǔt

!Momentane

| colspan="2" | -gja(-)

!Prospective

| -ŋke(-)

| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-)

| -njut

| -ŋjǔt

!Imperfective

| -gje(-)

| -gje(-)

| -gjǔ(-)

| -gju

| -gjǔt

!Progressive

| -xe(-)

| colspan="2" | -xa(-)

| rowspan="2" | -xju

| -x̌qe(-)

| colspan="2" | -x̌qǒ(-)

| -x̌ǔt

!Gnomic

! colspan="7" |Middle voice

| rowspan="2" | -d(-)

| -de(-)

| -dǒ(-)

| rowspan="2" | -du

| rowspan="2" | -dǔt

!Momentane

| colspan="2" | -da(-)

!Prospective

| -ŋ(-)

!Imperfective

| -gj(-)

| -gje(-)

| -gjǔ(-)

| -gu

| -gǔt

!Progressive

| colspan="2" | -x̌a(-)

!Stative

!Gnomic

! colspan="7" |Passive voice

| -deg(-)

| -dǒŋ(-)

| rowspan="2" | -duŋ

| rowspan="2" | -dǔŋ

|-

| colspan="2" | -dag(-)

!Prospective

| rowspan="2" | -ŋe(-)

| colspan="2" | -ŋag(-)

| -kuŋ

| -kǔŋ

!Imperfective

| -geg(-)

| -gjǔŋ(-)

| -guŋ

| -xaŋ(-)

| colspan="2" | -xeŋ(-)

| -xǔŋ

| -qang(-)

| colspan="2" | -qeng(-)

| -quŋ

| -qǔŋ

|-

| -ke-

!Middle

| '''N/A'''

!Irregularitive

!Direct

|x̌ik

|x̌atqi

|x̌alǒ

|x̌aihe

!Reportative

|diax̌

|diaqi

|dilǒ

|daihe

!Assumptive

|ngak

|ngaqi

|ngaǒ

|ngaihe

==== Examples ====

!P

! colspan="2" |'''At²'''

!V

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |PsVe'''²'''

|a

|n

|'''N/A'''

|ŋe

|-

anŋex̌q'''aqaǔŋ'''lǒgjǒke x̌alǒ = ''"you bring (it) at irregular intervals to the place"''

|+Another maximally possible example

! colspan="2" |PrV

! colspan="2" |TmpD

! rowspan="2" |'''aqaǔŋ'''

! colspan="2" |'''At²'''

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |PsVe'''²'''

|ag

|e

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |PsVe'''²'''

| colspan="2" |'''N/A'''

|'''N/A'''

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |PsVe'''²'''

| colspan="2" |'''N/A'''

|'''N/A'''

=== Southern objective scale ===

=== Eastern objective scale ===

 

== Intransitive scale (Nonobjective scale) ==

 

 

 

 

== Examples ==