Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique words to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity at least with [[Kjaxono grammar]].

 

 

 

 

 

Kjaxono verbs are usually constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.  

Kjaxono has 5 main tenses, the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.

 

 

A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:   

* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.  

 

 

The following list shows in total what Kjaxono verbs can conjugate for. 

 

** ''[[W:Hodiernal tense|Hodiernal]]''

** ''[[W:Momentane|Momentane]]''

** ''[[W:Prospective aspect|Prospective]]''

** ''[[W:Continuous and progressive aspects|Progressive]]''

** ''[[W:Grammatical aspect#Terms for various aspects|Stative]]''

** ''[[W:Gnomic aspect|Gnomic]]''

Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest.

! colspan="2" |PrV

! colspan="3" |TmpD

! rowspan="3" |'''STEM'''

| colspan="2" |Preverb

| rowspan="2" |'''Tense'''

| rowspan="2" |Evidentiality

| rowspan="2" |Pattern

| rowspan="2" |Aspect

| rowspan="2" |Voice

| colspan="3" |Postverb

|Locative type

|Tense

!1a

!1b

!2a

!2b

!2c

!3

!5a

!6a

Only the parts in '''bold''' are required to be present within a Kjaxono verb.

 

In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition. Seperate markers for evidentiality based on it's previous position within the ''E slot'' are also present in the ''PsVe²'' slot.

=== Conjugation process ===

== Transitive scale (Objective scale) ==

 

=== Northern objective scale ===

For this section, the verb stem used is " aqaǔŋ" [aqa.'u:ŋ]; ''to bring.''

|+Preverb tenses

! colspan="4" |Perfect tenses

! rowspan="2" |Past

! rowspan="2" |Nonpast

!Continuative perfect

!Anterior perfect

!Universal perfect

!Recent perfect

|''n(ǔ)-''

|''e(ǔ)-''

|''p(ǔ)-''

|''b(ǔ)-''

|''e(i)-''

|''n-''

|+Tense and mood prefixes

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tense

! colspan="2" |Indicative

!Hodiernal

|''ǔ-''

! colspan="2" |Conditional

|''x(e)-''

|''xj(e)-''

| rowspan="2" |''ŋj(e)-''

!Present

| rowspan="2" |'''''N/A'''''

! colspan="2" |Potential

|''q(e)-''

|''tj(e)-''

| rowspan="2" |''l(e)-''

|''t(e)-''

!Perfect

! colspan="2" |Hypothetical

|''h(i)''

|''hŋ(i)-''

|''mq(i)-''

|''ŋj(u)-''

|''mj(i)-''

!Future

|''e-''

! rowspan="2" |Imperative

| rowspan="2" |'''''N/A'''''

| colspan="2" |''ż(o)-''

| colspan="2" |''qż(o)-''

!Soft

| colspan="2" |''c(o)-''

| colspan="2" |''qac(o)-''

In addition, all tenses excluding the present triggers vowel gradation, turning the final vowel of the verb stem into /a/. In this example, aqaǔŋ would turn into aqaaŋ /aqa.'aŋ/.

|+Evidentiality prefixes

| -ng-

|+Pattern suffixes

| -ik(-)

!Irregularitive

| -lǒ(-)

| -te(-)

=== Southern objective scale ===

=== Eastern objective scale ===

== Intransitive scale (Nonobjective scale) ==

=== Northern nonobjective scale ===

 

 

=== Eastern nonobjective scale ===

=== To be ===

=== To have ===

=== To do ===

=== To eat ===

=== To drink ===