Kjaxono language: Difference between revisions

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'''Kjaxono''' is a language belonging to the [placeholder?] language family, primarily spoken in [[Xjetjeŋ]] and in small communities across [[Brausia]].  
'''Kjaxono''' is a language belonging to the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ language family]], primarily spoken in [[Xjetjeŋ]] and in small communities across [[Brausia]].  


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Line 9: Line 9:


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Kjaxono's consonant inventory of 41 phonemes is typical of other [...] languages, featuring a palatalized distinction in most of it's consonants, and rich employment of uvular sounds.
Kjaxono's consonant inventory of [however many..] phonemes is typical of other Xjedgjaŋ languages. However, compared cross-linguistically, Kjaxono's phonology is quite unusual. Even for Xjedgjaŋ languages, it features a rich series of uvular consonants
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant phonemes of Kjaxono
|+Consonant phonemes of Kjaxono
Line 15: Line 15:
! colspan="2" |[[W:Bilabial|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Bilabial|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Alveolar|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Alveolar|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Velar|Velar]]
! colspan="2" |[[W:Velar|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Uvular|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Uvular|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[W:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
!Plain
!<small>plain</small>
!Palatalized
!<small>[[W:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]</small>
!Plain
!<small>plain</small>
!Palatalized
!<small>[[W:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]</small>
!Plain
!<small>plain</small>
!Palatalized
!<small>[[W:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|'''m'''
|mʲ
/m/
|n
|'''mj'''
|nʲ
/mʲ/
|ŋ
|'''n'''
|ŋʲ
/n/
|[[W:Voiced uvular nasal|ɴ]]
|'''nj'''
/nʲ/
|
|
|'''ŋ'''
/ŋ/
|'''ŋj'''
/ŋʲ/
|'''ng'''
/[[W:Voiced uvular nasal|ɴ]]/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
!<small>[[W:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|'''p'''
/p/
|'''pj'''
/pʲ/
|'''t'''
/t/
|'''tj'''
/tʲ/
|
|'''k'''
/k/
|'''kj'''
/kʲ/
|'''q'''
/[[W:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]/
| rowspan="3" |'''<nowiki/>''''
/[[W:Glottal stop|ʔ]]/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>[[W:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
!Unvoiced
|'''ṕ'''
|p
/pʰ/
|pʲ
|'''ṕj'''
|t
/pʲʰ/
|tʲ
|'''t́'''
|k
/tʰ/
|kʲ
|'''t́j'''
|[[W:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]
/tʲʰ/
| rowspan="2" |[[W:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|
|'''ḱ'''
/kʰ/
|'''ḱj'''
/kʲʰ/
|'''q́'''
/qʰ/
|-
|-
!Voiced
!<small>[[W:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|b
|'''b'''
/b/
|
|'''d'''
/d/
|
|
|d
|
|
|g
|'''g'''
|gʲ
/g/
|[[W:Voiced uvular plosive|ɢ]]
|'''gj'''
'''/'''gʲ/
|'''gq'''
/[[W:Voiced uvular plosive|ɢ]]/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!Unvoiced
!<small>[[W:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
|'''c'''
/t͡s/
|'''cj'''
/t͡sʲ/
|'''tš'''
/t͡ʃ/
|'''x'''
/k͡x/
|'''xj'''
/k͡xʲ/
|'''qx'''
/[[W:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]]/
|
|-
!<small>[[W:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|
|
|t͡s
|'''ż'''
|t͡sʲ
/d͡z/
|k͡x
|'''żj'''
|k͡xʲ
/d͡zʲ/
|[[W:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]]
|'''dž'''
/d͡ʒ/
|'''ǧ'''
/ɡɣ/
|'''ǧj'''
/ɡɣʲ/
|'''q̌x'''
/ɢʁ/
|
|
|-
|-
!Voiced
! rowspan="3" |Fricative
!<small>[[W:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
|
|'''s'''
/s/
|'''sj'''
/sʲ/
|'''š'''
/ʃ/
|'''x̌'''
/x/
|'''x̌j'''
/xʲ/
|'''x̌q'''
/[[W:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]/
|'''h'''
/[[W:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/
|-
!<small>[[W:Nasalization|nasalized]]</small>
|
|
|d͡z
|d͡zʲ
|
|
|'''ś'''
/s̃/
|'''śj'''
/s̃ʲ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Unvoiced
|
|
|
|
|s
|sʲ
|x
|xʲ
|[[W:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]
| rowspan="2" |[[W:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
|-
!Voiced
!<small>[[W:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|β
|'''bh'''
/β/
|
|'''z'''
/z/
|'''zj'''
/zʲ/
|'''ž'''
/ʒ/
|
|
|z
|zʲ
|
|
|'''rq'''
/[[W:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]/
|
|
|[[W:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
|
|
|
|l
|'''l'''
|ʎ
/l/
|'''j'''
/ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
|[[W:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]
|'''r'''
/[[W:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]/
|
|
|}
|}
Line 116: Line 203:
* /s/ and /sʲ/ are pronounced word finally as dento-alveolars, /s̟/ and /s̟ʲ/, or even as dentals /s̪/ /s̪ʲ/.
* /s/ and /sʲ/ are pronounced word finally as dento-alveolars, /s̟/ and /s̟ʲ/, or even as dentals /s̪/ /s̪ʲ/.
* /x/ is usually pronounced as /ɣ/ when between front vowels (i.e /i(:)/, /æ/, and /e:/).
* /x/ is usually pronounced as /ɣ/ when between front vowels (i.e /i(:)/, /æ/, and /e:/).
* In some speakers, /χ/ has merged with /x/. In addition, /k͡x/ and /k͡xʲ/ have merged with /q͡χ/.
* In the northernmost dialects of Kjaxono, voiced consonants inbetween vowels have become aspirated and voiced, and in some local dialects even into ejectives. In the dialects with ejectives, these have not affected affricates.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kjaxono plain vowels
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Back
|-
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|-
!Close
|'''i'''
/i/
|'''ǐ'''
/i:/
|'''u'''
/u/
|'''ǔ'''
/u:/
|-
!Open
|'''a'''
/æ/
|'''e'''
/e:/
|'''o'''
/o/
|'''ǒ'''
/o:/
|}
All Kjaxono vowels with the exception of /e:/ can be nasalized, as shown below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kjaxono nasalized vowels
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Back
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Back
|-
|-
!Short
!<small>short</small>
!Long
!<small>long</small>
!Short
!<small>short</small>
!Long
!<small>long</small>
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i
|'''i̖'''
|i:  
/ĩ/
|u
|'''ǐ̖'''
|u:  
/ĩ:/
|'''u̖'''
/ũ/
|'''ǔ̖'''
/ũ:/
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|æ
|'''a̖'''
|e:
/ã/
|o
|
|o:  
|'''o̖'''
/õ/
|'''ǒ̖'''
/õ:/
|}
|}


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
Kjaxono is primarily written in two scripts: the Mallian script and the indigenous ''Qadaigj[[Xjetjeŋ|ŋ]]'' script.
Kjaxono uses a modified form of the Mallian alphabet called the ''malqtksa̖.''  


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
''See main article:'' ''[[Kjaxono grammar]]''
''See main article:'' ''[[Kjaxono grammar]]''


Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of ''transitive-intransitive'' - with the agent of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for only '''2 cases''' - ''transitive'' and ''intransitive,'' as previously stated. In addition, while not explicitely inflected, Kjaxono nouns also have '''2 numbers''' - ''singular'' and ''plural.'' Kjaxano features no grammatical gender and no adjectival agreement of any form.  
Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of ''transitive-intransitive'' - with the subject of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for only '''2 cases''' - ''transitive'' and ''intransitive,'' as previously stated. In addition, while not explicitely inflected, Kjaxono nouns also have '''2 numbers''' - ''singular'' and ''plural.'' Kjaxano features no grammatical gender and no adjectival agreement of any form.  


In contrast, verbs are by far the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono. In some cases, they can represent entire sentences by themselves. Kjaxono verbs are often the epicenter of linguistic research into the language, and verbs in the [...] language family as a whole are generally one of their most known attributes in linguistics as a whole. For a overview, see '''[[Kjaxono language#Verbal system|§6 Verbal System]]''' and [[Kjaxono verbs]].  
In contrast, verbs are by far the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono. In some cases, they can represent entire sentences by themselves. Kjaxono verbs are often the epicenter of linguistic research into the language, and verbs in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family as a whole are generally one of their most known attributes in linguistics as a whole. For a overview, see '''[[Kjaxono language#Verbal system|§6 Verbal System]]''' and [[Kjaxono verbs]].  


=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
Line 195: Line 324:
|}
|}
In Kjaxono, only pronouns are inherently given a gender. There are three genders used: ''Kjarelen'', used for Kjarelen species individuals, ''Non-kjarelen'', used for non-kjarelen species individuals, aswell as non sapient animals and animate phenomena and objects, such as rain, cities, and so on, and ''inanimate'', used for inanimate objects. Pronouns in Kjaxono are not differentiated via sex; one differentiates the sex of the noun replaced via said noun's sex being added after the pronoun. Consider the following phrase:
In Kjaxono, only pronouns are inherently given a gender. There are three genders used: ''Kjarelen'', used for Kjarelen species individuals, ''Non-kjarelen'', used for non-kjarelen species individuals, aswell as non sapient animals and animate phenomena and objects, such as rain, cities, and so on, and ''inanimate'', used for inanimate objects. Pronouns in Kjaxono are not differentiated via sex; one differentiates the sex of the noun replaced via said noun's sex being added after the pronoun. Consider the following phrase:
* ''Kjabǒ gqunja [placeholder]'' →


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Line 204: Line 331:
Aside from Kjaxono's morphosyntactical alignment, case in Kjaxono is fairly straightforward. As previously stated, Kjaxono nouns inflect for two cases - the transitive and intransitive. The transitive case is unmarked and the intransitive case is marked by the suffix ''-(ie)b''. This case's form is somewhat irregular - pronouns in the intransitive case are transparently different from their normal forms. In addition, they take slightly different forms when being applied to proper names, and inanimate nouns.
Aside from Kjaxono's morphosyntactical alignment, case in Kjaxono is fairly straightforward. As previously stated, Kjaxono nouns inflect for two cases - the transitive and intransitive. The transitive case is unmarked and the intransitive case is marked by the suffix ''-(ie)b''. This case's form is somewhat irregular - pronouns in the intransitive case are transparently different from their normal forms. In addition, they take slightly different forms when being applied to proper names, and inanimate nouns.


The rules for applying the intransitive case for nouns are fairly straightforward. Some speakers of Kjaxono have merged the rules for proper names and inanimate nouns with those from ordinary nouns. This is more common in [insert dialect here], but can be found across [South bellic zone].  
The rules for applying the intransitive case for nouns are fairly straightforward. Some speakers of Kjaxono have merged the rules for proper names and inanimate nouns with those from ordinary nouns. This is more common in [insert dialect here], but can be found across [[Xjetjeŋ]].  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Intransitive case
|+Intransitive case
Line 211: Line 338:
!IPA
!IPA
!Example
!Example
!Meaning
!Stem Meaning
|-
|-
!Nouns ending with a  
!Nouns ending with a  
Line 241: Line 368:
| '''-abh'''
| '''-abh'''
|/æβ
|/æβ
|
|migqeżk'''abh'''
|
|migqeżk
|-
|-
! colspan="4" |
! colspan="4" |
Line 263: Line 390:


==== Articles ====
==== Articles ====
There are four articles that are used in Kjaxono. They are suffixes that are attached onto the noun directly. Kjaxono has two types of article - the definite and indefinite - which change form slightly based on their plurality or lack of plurality. The articles are notably different from how plurality is marked on nouns. Articles do not changed based on the ending of the nouns of which they mark, occasionally leading to consonant clusters of three to even four consonants.
There are four articles that are used in Kjaxono. They are suffixes that are attached onto the noun directly. Kjaxono has two types of article - the definite and indefinite - which change form slightly based on their plurality or lack of plurality. The articles are notably different from how plurality is marked on nouns. Articles do not change based on the ending of the nouns of which they mark, occasionally leading to consonant clusters of three to even four consonants.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kjaxono articles
|+Kjaxono articles
Line 282: Line 409:
''See main article: [[Kjaxono verbs]]''
''See main article: [[Kjaxono verbs]]''


Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Kjaxono. It is by far the most difficult aspect of Kjaxono for new speakers of the language to learn, due its system-wide irregularity and general difficulty. Oftentimes, conjugation can encode all of the information needed to parse a sentence. The verbal system of Kjaxono has two main ''scales'' - a term roughly corresponding to conjugation used when talking about the Kjaxono languages - and 3 subscales therein. The two main scales are:
Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Kjaxono. It is by far the most difficult aspect of Kjaxono for new speakers of the language to learn, due its system-wide irregularity and general difficulty. Oftentimes, conjugation can encode all of the information needed to parse a sentence.  
 
* '''Objective scale''' - used for transitive verbs, aswell as volitive verbs.
* '''Nonobjective scale''' - used for intransitive verbs, aswell as involitive verbs.
 
Each scale comprises 3 subscales. These subscales depend on the starting phoneme of the verb. Each subscale also has a unique name.
 
* The '''northern subscale''' is for verbs starting with front vowels.
* The '''southern subscale''' is for verbs starting with back vowels.
* The '''eastern subscale''' is for verbs starting with consonants.
 
Kjaxono verbs conjugate for tense, person, aspect, mood, evidentiality, "pattern", and voice. A feature not present in any other language aside from other languages within the [...] language family is the optional marking of definiteness and or indefiniteness, in regards to person marking. Hard to precisely define, they can mark for extremely specific scenarios with little equivelant in any other language. All together, Kjaxono verbs have by far the most inflection and nuance of any part of speech in Kjaxono.


Due to the complexity of the subject, Kjaxono's verbal system entails [[Kjaxono verbs|its own seperate article]].
The verbal system of Kjaxono comprises two main paradigms, which differ based on the transivity and volition of the verb in question. The two paradigms are traditionally called the ''Objective paradigm'' (for transitive verbs, and verbs with positive volition - i.e meaning the action was intended) and the ''Nonobjective paradigm'' (for intransitive verbs, and verbs with negative volition - i.e meaning the action was not intended). Kjaxono verbs rely on agglutinative affixes and apophony in both paradigms.  


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==

Latest revision as of 17:06, 12 January 2025

Kjaxono is a language belonging to the Xjedgjaŋ language family, primarily spoken in Xjetjeŋ and in small communities across Brausia.

Etymology

History

Phonology

See main article: Kjaxono phonology

Consonants

Kjaxono's consonant inventory of [however many..] phonemes is typical of other Xjedgjaŋ languages. However, compared cross-linguistically, Kjaxono's phonology is quite unusual. Even for Xjedgjaŋ languages, it features a rich series of uvular consonants

Consonant phonemes of Kjaxono
Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
plain palatalized plain palatalized plain palatalized
Nasal m

/m/

mj

/mʲ/

n

/n/

nj

/nʲ/

ŋ

/ŋ/

ŋj

/ŋʲ/

ng

/ɴ/

Plosive voiceless p

/p/

pj

/pʲ/

t

/t/

tj

/tʲ/

k

/k/

kj

/kʲ/

q

/q/

'

/ʔ/

aspirated ṕ

/pʰ/

ṕj

/pʲʰ/

t́

/tʰ/

t́j

/tʲʰ/

ḱ

/kʰ/

ḱj

/kʲʰ/

q́

/qʰ/

voiced b

/b/

d

/d/

g

/g/

gj

/gʲ/

gq

/ɢ/

Affricate voiceless c

/t͡s/

cj

/t͡sʲ/

tš

/t͡ʃ/

x

/k͡x/

xj

/k͡xʲ/

qx

/q͡χ/

voiced ż

/d͡z/

żj

/d͡zʲ/

dž

/d͡ʒ/

ǧ

/ɡɣ/

ǧj

/ɡɣʲ/

q̌x

/ɢʁ/

Fricative voiceless s

/s/

sj

/sʲ/

š

/ʃ/

x̌

/x/

x̌j

/xʲ/

x̌q

/χ/

h

/h/

nasalized ś

/s̃/

śj

/s̃ʲ/

voiced bh

/β/

z

/z/

zj

/zʲ/

ž

/ʒ/

rq

/ʁ/

Liquid l

/l/

j

/ʎ/

r

/ʀ/

Notes

  • The status of /ʀ/ is extremely variant among Kjaxono speakers. It can be alveolar, post-velar, or even dental. In some speakers, it has merged with the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/.
    • Most speakers pronounce /ʀ/ as /ʀ̥/ word-finally. This is not a universal phenomenon; [.efawifaewjiegjiwg]
  • Fairly irregularly, some speakers pronounce /ʎ/ as a post-palatal lateral approximant /ʎ̞/. This occurs most commonly when in the same syllable as a uvular sound.
  • /β/ and /ʁ/ are occasionally devoiced at the start of words.
  • /s/ and /sʲ/ are pronounced word finally as dento-alveolars, /s̟/ and /s̟ʲ/, or even as dentals /s̪/ /s̪ʲ/.
  • /x/ is usually pronounced as /ɣ/ when between front vowels (i.e /i(:)/, /æ/, and /e:/).
  • In some speakers, /χ/ has merged with /x/. In addition, /k͡x/ and /k͡xʲ/ have merged with /q͡χ/.
  • In the northernmost dialects of Kjaxono, voiced consonants inbetween vowels have become aspirated and voiced, and in some local dialects even into ejectives. In the dialects with ejectives, these have not affected affricates.

Vowels

Kjaxono plain vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i

/i/

ǐ

/i:/

u

/u/

ǔ

/u:/

Open a

/æ/

e

/e:/

o

/o/

ǒ

/o:/

All Kjaxono vowels with the exception of /e:/ can be nasalized, as shown below.

Kjaxono nasalized vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i̖

/ĩ/

ǐ̖

/ĩ:/

u̖

/ũ/

ǔ̖

/ũ:/

Open a̖

/ã/

o̖

/õ/

ǒ̖

/õ:/

Orthography

Kjaxono uses a modified form of the Mallian alphabet called the malqtksa̖.

Grammar

See main article: Kjaxono grammar

Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of transitive-intransitive - with the subject of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for only 2 cases - transitive and intransitive, as previously stated. In addition, while not explicitely inflected, Kjaxono nouns also have 2 numbers - singular and plural. Kjaxano features no grammatical gender and no adjectival agreement of any form.

In contrast, verbs are by far the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono. In some cases, they can represent entire sentences by themselves. Kjaxono verbs are often the epicenter of linguistic research into the language, and verbs in the Xjedgjaŋ language family as a whole are generally one of their most known attributes in linguistics as a whole. For a overview, see §6 Verbal System and Kjaxono verbs.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns in Kjaxono
Singular Plural
First-person Second-person Third-person First-person Second-person Third-person
Kjarelen Non-kjarelen Inanimate Kjarelen Non-kjarelen Inanimate
Transitive ce ǐŋce kjace hamce żoxe cet ǐŋcet kjacet hamcet żoxet
Intransitive zu zeb bekjo hecjo żecjet cjet kjabǒt hamǒżt

In Kjaxono, only pronouns are inherently given a gender. There are three genders used: Kjarelen, used for Kjarelen species individuals, Non-kjarelen, used for non-kjarelen species individuals, aswell as non sapient animals and animate phenomena and objects, such as rain, cities, and so on, and inanimate, used for inanimate objects. Pronouns in Kjaxono are not differentiated via sex; one differentiates the sex of the noun replaced via said noun's sex being added after the pronoun. Consider the following phrase:

Nouns

As stated previously, Kjaxono nouns inflect for two cases, and 2 numbers. The transitive case is unmarked, and marks the subject of a transitive verb. The intransitive case is marked by the suffix -(ie)b. The intransitive case marks the subject of an intransitive verb. The intransitive cases sometimes takes slightly different marking based on the final phonemes of the noun it is attached to. Generally, if the noun ends with 2 or less consonants, only -b is attached; otherwise, -ieb is attached.

Case

Aside from Kjaxono's morphosyntactical alignment, case in Kjaxono is fairly straightforward. As previously stated, Kjaxono nouns inflect for two cases - the transitive and intransitive. The transitive case is unmarked and the intransitive case is marked by the suffix -(ie)b. This case's form is somewhat irregular - pronouns in the intransitive case are transparently different from their normal forms. In addition, they take slightly different forms when being applied to proper names, and inanimate nouns.

The rules for applying the intransitive case for nouns are fairly straightforward. Some speakers of Kjaxono have merged the rules for proper names and inanimate nouns with those from ordinary nouns. This is more common in [insert dialect here], but can be found across Xjetjeŋ.

Intransitive case
Romanization IPA Example Stem Meaning
Nouns ending with a

single consonant, or vowel

-b /b/ miagqub cat
Nouns ending with two or

more consonants

-ieb /ie:b/ bhqǔngqieb village
Proper names ending with

a single consonant, or vowel

-bh /β/ aqcjambh aqcjam
Proper names ending with

two or more consonants

-abh /æβ migqeżkabh migqeżk
Inanimate nouns ending with

a single consonant, or vowel

-ab /æb/ qa'roab building
Inanimate nouns ending with

two or more consonants

-abh /æβ/ aicŋabh tree bark

Articles

There are four articles that are used in Kjaxono. They are suffixes that are attached onto the noun directly. Kjaxono has two types of article - the definite and indefinite - which change form slightly based on their plurality or lack of plurality. The articles are notably different from how plurality is marked on nouns. Articles do not change based on the ending of the nouns of which they mark, occasionally leading to consonant clusters of three to even four consonants.

Kjaxono articles
Definite Indefinite
Singular -kjoŋ /kʲoŋ/ -tjex /tʲek͡x/
Plural -ŋje /ŋʲe:/ -tax /tæk͡x/

Verbal system

See main article: Kjaxono verbs

Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Kjaxono. It is by far the most difficult aspect of Kjaxono for new speakers of the language to learn, due its system-wide irregularity and general difficulty. Oftentimes, conjugation can encode all of the information needed to parse a sentence.

The verbal system of Kjaxono comprises two main paradigms, which differ based on the transivity and volition of the verb in question. The two paradigms are traditionally called the Objective paradigm (for transitive verbs, and verbs with positive volition - i.e meaning the action was intended) and the Nonobjective paradigm (for intransitive verbs, and verbs with negative volition - i.e meaning the action was not intended). Kjaxono verbs rely on agglutinative affixes and apophony in both paradigms.

Syntax

Word order

Lexicon

Examples

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