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'''kkatetelhi''', specifickkatetelly '''Modern kkatetelhi''' is kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege thkkatetet evolved from [[Classical Alhi|Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi]]. It is spoken primkkateterily in [[Alloti|kkatetelloti]] kkatetend [[Allotian overseas territories|its oversekkatetes territories]], with kkatetebout 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetend kkatetebout 100 million when including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. kkatetelhi wkkatetes kkatetelso once kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege of high prestige in [[Cring]], kkatetes in [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], [[Historical Allotian control over Cring|Cring wkkatetes controlled]] but not completely integrkkateteted into kkatetelloti. Since then, kkatetelhi slowly lost its presence in Cring.
{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Alhi|NativeLanguage={{Alhi|aLi}}|LanguageNPrnnctn=/a.ɬi/|Speakers=Native: 183 million<br>Total: ~200 million|LanguageFamily=Alhic|EarlyForms=Classical Alhi|WritingSystem=Oulaj|OfficialLanguage=[[Alloti]]<br>[[Sinovoz]]<br>[[Ojanka]]|RegulatedBy=[[Icujajalhi]]|3LetterCode=ALH}}


kkatetelhi is relkkateteted to [[Kes language|Kes]], kkatetenother kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, spoken in centrkkatetel kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi's first texts ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being written in kkatetelhi's nkkatetetive script, [[Oulaj|Oulkkatetej]]. Oulkkatetej is still used to write kkatetelhi todkkatetey, kkatetend kkatete vkkateterikkatetetion of it is used to write Kes. [[Tova language|Tovkkatete]], kkatetenother nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti (but unrelkkateteted to kkatetelhi kkatetend Kes), wkkatetes once written in Oulkkatetej, but Tovkkatete's originkkatetel script regkkateteined populkkateter use kkatetend Oulkkatetej's use to write Tovkkatete is purely historickkatetel.
'''Alhi''', specifically '''Modern Alhi''' is an Alhic language that evolved from [[Classical Alhi]]. It is spoken primarily in [[Alloti]] and [[Allotian overseas territories|its overseas territories]], with about 183 million native speakers, and about 200 million when including non-native speakers. Alhi was also once a language of high prestige in [[Cring]], as in [placeholder date], [[Historical Allotian control over Cring|Cring was controlled]] but not completely integrated into Alloti. Since then, Alhi slowly lost its presence in Cring.


kkatetes kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, kkateteround 95% of kkatetelhi's modern vockkatetebulkkatetery is derived from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, but the rest is from borrowings from Tovkkatete, Kes, [[Loremese language|Loremese]], [[Cring language|Cring]], kkatetend other lkkatetengukkateteges.
Alhi is related to [[Kes language|Kes]], another Alhic language, spoken in central Alloti. Alhi's first texts can be traced back to [placeholder date], being written in Alhi's native script, [[Oulaj]]. Oulaj is still used to write Alhi today, and a variation of it is used to write Kes. [[Tova language|Tova]], another native language of Alloti (but unrelated to Alhi and Kes), was once written in Oulaj, but Tova's original script regained popular use and Oulaj's use to write Tova is purely historical.


== Nkkateteme of the lkkatetengukkatetege kkatetend etymology ==
As an Alhic language, around 95% of Alhi's modern vocabulary is derived from Classical Alhi, but the rest is from borrowings from Tova, Kes, [[Loremese language|Loremese]], [[Cring language|Cring]], and other languages.
The only nkkateteme thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes is ''kkatetelhi'' itself, but different pronuncikkatetetions ckkateten be hekkateterd throughout kkatetelloti. The etymology of the nkkateteme is unknown but it is hypothesized to be relkkateteted to the nkkateteme of the country ''kkatetelloti''.  


== History of the lkkatetengukkatetege ==
== Name of the language and etymology ==
Like other kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkateteges, kkatetelhi evolved from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, originkkateteting in the north-west of kkatetelloti. Due to expkkatetension, kkatetelhi eventukkatetelly sprekkateted kkatetell kkatetecross kkatetelloti, before coming in contkkatetect with Tovkkatete. Mkkateteny other nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkateteges kkatetere hypothesized to hkkateteve existed in the kkateterekkatetes thkkatetet were controlled by kkatetelhi-spekkateteking people, but no written records exist kkatetend their only remnkkatetents kkatetere lokkatetenwords with questionkkateteble etymologies.
The only name that Alhi has is ''Alhi'' itself, but different pronunciations can be heard throughout Alloti. The etymology of the name is unknown but it is hypothesized to be related to the name of the country ''Alloti''.  


The first documents written in kkatetelhi ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being kkateten older form of kkatetelhi.
== History of the language ==
Like other Alhic languages, Alhi evolved from Classical Alhi, originating in the north-west of Alloti. Due to expansion, Alhi eventually spread all across Alloti, before coming in contact with Tova. Many other native languages are hypothesized to have existed in the areas that were controlled by Alhi-speaking people, but no written records exist and their only remnants are loanwords with questionable etymologies.


Due to contkkatetect with spekkatetekers of Tovkkatete, much conflict hkkateted broken out between the two groups. The kkateterekkatetes of conflict were subject to linguistic discriminkkatetetion kkatetend mkkateteny lokkatetenwords entered both lkkatetengukkateteges. Still to this dkkatetey, dikkatetelects of kkatetelhi spoken nekkateter where Tovkkatete is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege hkkateteve mkkateteny Tovkkatete lokkatetenwords.
The first documents written in Alhi can be traced back to [placeholder date], being an older form of Alhi.


kkatetelhi kkatetes kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege did not phonologickkatetelly chkkatetenge much from its predecessor kkatetes most of the chkkatetenges were grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel kkatetend semkkatetentic. kkateten exkkatetemple of kkatete sound shift is Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi's dentkkatetel frickkatetetive set, /θ ð/ becoming stops, /t d/ ([t̪ d̪]).
Due to contact with speakers of Tova, much conflict had broken out between the two groups. The areas of conflict were subject to linguistic discrimination and many loanwords entered both languages. Still to this day, dialects of Alhi spoken near where Tova is the primary language have many Tova loanwords.


== Geogrkkatetephickkatetel distribution ==
Alhi as a language did not phonologically change much from its predecessor as most of the changes were grammatical and semantic. An example of a sound shift is Classical Alhi's dental fricative set, /θ ð/ becoming stops, /t d/ ([t̪ d̪]).
kkatetelhi is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti kkatetend its oversekkatetes territories. It is estimkkateteted thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege by kkatetemount of nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. When including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkateteround 100 million, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in the world. On the internet, kkatetelhi is the [number]th most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege.


=== kkatetelloti ===
== Geographical distribution ==
kkatetelhi is one of three officikkatetel lkkatetengukkateteges of kkatetelloti, kkatetend it is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in kkatetelloti. It is tkkateteught in schools kkatetes kkatete mkkatetendkkatetetory subject for the lkkatetest three yekkateters of grkkatetede school, kkatetend is kkatetevkkateteilkkateteble in kkatetell colleges kkatetend universities in kkatetelloti for lekkateterning kkatetend study. In the [century]s, kkatetelhi wkkatetes the only officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti, with uskkatetege of other lkkatetengukkateteges being discourkkateteged kkatetend often punished.
Alhi is the primary language of Alloti and its overseas territories. It is estimated that Alhi has 70 million native speakers, making it the 2nd most spoken language by amount of native speakers. When including non-native speakers, Alhi has around 100 million, making it the 2nd most spoken language in the world. On the internet, Alhi is the [number]th most spoken language.


=== Ojkkatetenkkkatete ===
=== Alloti ===
[[Ojanka|Ojkkatetenkkkatete]], kkatete set of five islkkatetends controlled simultkkateteneously by both kkatetelloti kkatetend Mkkatetellikkatete, kkatetelhi is kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege. Most people on Ojkkatetenkkkatete spekkatetek both kkatetelhi kkatetend [[Mallian language|Mkkatetellikkateten]], with rokkateted signs, other signs, kkatetend text being written in both kkatetelhi kkatetend Mkkatetellikkateten.
Alhi is one of three official languages of Alloti, and it is the most spoken language in Alloti. It is taught in schools as a mandatory subject for the last three years of grade school, and is available in all colleges and universities in Alloti for learning and study. In the [century]s, Alhi was the only official language of Alloti, with usage of other languages being discouraged and often punished.
 
=== Ojanka ===
On [[Ojanka]], a set of five islands controlled simultaneously by both Alloti and Mallia, Alhi is an official language. Most people on Ojanka speak both Alhi and [[Mallian language|Mallian]], with road signs, other signs, and text being written in both Alhi and Mallian.


=== Sinovoz ===
=== Sinovoz ===
[[Sinovoz]], kkatete lkkateterge islkkatetend lockkateteted in the middle of the Bellic Sekkatete wkkatetes kkatetelso kkatete colony of kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi hkkateted been kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege until Sinovoz's independence. The nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of Sinovoz, Piriň, hkkatetes gkkateteined more kkatetend more use kkatetend now is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege on Sinovoz, but kkatetelhi is still widely spoken kkatetend some kkateterekkatetes on the islkkatetend kkatetere still mkkatetejority kkatetelhi spekkateteking. Signs kkatetend text kkatetere trkkatetenslkkateteted into both Piriň kkatetend kkatetelhi, but mkkateteny signs in only Piriň kkateteppekkateter commonly in the ckkatetepitkkatetel of Sinovoz, Sinovoz-Ler.
[[Sinovoz]], a large island located in the middle of the Bellic Sea is also a colony of Alloti. Alhi is an official language. The native language of Sinovoz, Piriň, has gained more and more use and now is the most spoken language on Sinovoz, but Alhi is still widely spoken and some areas on the island are still majority Alhi speaking. Signs and text are translated into both Piriň and Alhi, but many signs in only Piriň appear commonly in the capital of Sinovoz, Sinovoz-Ler.


== Grkkatetemmkkateter ==
== Grammar ==
kkatetelhi shkkateteres mkkateteny grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel fekkatetetures with its relkkatetetive, Kes. kkatetelhi is clkkatetessified kkatetes kkatete fusionkkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege, mkkateterking multiple fekkatetetures of verbs, nouns, etc. with singulkkateter kkateteffixes. Nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives exhibit two definitenesses (indefinite kkatetend definite), two numbers (singulkkateter kkatetend plurkkatetel), kkatetend five ckkateteses (nominkkatetetive, kkateteccuskkatetetive, dkkatetetive, lockkatetetive, kkatetend comitkkatetetive). Verbs exhibit four moods (indickkatetetive, subjunctive, imperkkatetetive, kkatetend interrogkkatetetive), multiple tenses depending on the mood, two synthetic kkatetespects (non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetend hkkatetebitukkatetel), kkatetend kkatete periphrkkatetestic kkatetespect (progressive). Verbs hkkateteve multiple non-finite forms, hkkateteving pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future pkkateterticiples; gerunds; two types of kkatetegentives (non-humkkateten kkatetend humkkateten) kkatetend kkatete verbkkatetel noun.
Alhi shares many grammatical features with its relative, Kes. Alhi is classified as a fusional language, marking multiple features of verbs, nouns, etc. with singular affixes. Nouns and adjectives exhibit two definitenesses (indefinite and definite), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, accusative, dative, locative, and comitative). Verbs exhibit four moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and interrogative), multiple tenses depending on the mood, two synthetic aspects (non-aspectual and habitual), and a periphrastic aspect (progressive). Verbs have multiple non-finite forms, having past, present, and future participles; gerunds; two types of agentives (non-human and human) and a verbal noun.


=== T-V Distinction ===
=== T-V Distinction ===
kkatetelhi exhibits kkatete T-V distinction, hkkateteving fkkatetemilikkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms of 2nd kkatetend 3rd person pronouns. Fkkatetemilikkateter forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel. Verbs conjugkkatetete to reflect this shift.  
Alhi exhibits a T-V distinction, having familiar and formal forms of 2nd and 3rd person pronouns. Familiar forms are grammatically singular and formal forms are grammatically plural. Verbs conjugate to reflect this shift.  


==== ''Mon'' vs. ''Ner'' ====
==== ''Mon'' vs. ''Ner'' ====
''Mon'' is the fkkatetemilikkateter, informkkatetel 2nd person pronoun, it is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend it is used when tkkatetelking to someone who is younger thkkateten the user or if they kkatetere in kkatete lower position thkkateten the user, such kkatetes in kkatete job, or for people of equkkatetel kkatetege kkatetes the user. This contrkkatetests with ''ner'', which is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel, it is the more respectful of the two kkatetend it is used when referring to someone older thkkateten the user, or someone in kkatete superior position thkkateten the user, or simply for respect.
''Mon'' is the familiar, informal 2nd person pronoun, it is grammatically singular and it is used when talking to someone who is younger than the user or if they are in a lower position than the user, such as in a job, or for people of equal age as the user. This contrasts with ''ner'', which is grammatically plural, it is the more respectful of the two and it is used when referring to someone older than the user, or someone in a superior position than the user, or simply for respect.


==== ''Ei/Eis'' vs. ''Eil/Eiskkatetel'' ====
==== ''Ei/Eis'' vs. ''Eil/Eisal'' ====
Just like ''mon'' kkatetend ''ner'', kkatetelhi kkatetelso hkkatetes kkatete T-V distinction in the third person. The demonstrkkatetetives ''ei'' kkatetend ''eis'' kkatetere used in the skkateteme wkkatetey kkatetes ''mon'', kkatetend they ckkateten refer to kkateteny person or thing. The demonstrkkatetetives ''eil'' kkatetend ''eiskkatetel'' kkatetere plurkkatetel, kkatetend kkatetere used like ''ner''. kkatetell of these kkatetere proximkkatetel in their spkkatetetikkatetel deixis.
Just like ''mon'' and ''ner'', Alhi also has a T-V distinction in the third person. The demonstratives ''ei'' and ''eis'' are used in the same way as ''mon'', and they can refer to any person or thing. The demonstratives ''eil'' and ''eisal'' are plural, and are used like ''ner''. All of these are proximal in their spatial deixis.


===== ''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', kkatetend ''Oulum'' =====
===== ''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', and ''Oulum'' =====
''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', kkatetend ''Oulum'' kkatetere kkatetell distkkatetel demonstrkkatetetives. ''Ou'' kkatetend ''oum'' mekkateten 'thkkatetet', ''oul'' kkatetend ''oulum'' mekkateten 'those'. These kkatetere not used to refer to people/things in the subject or direct object of verbs, but only kkatetes the indirect object if the direct object is kkatetelso in the 3rd person.
''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', and ''Oulum'' are all distal demonstratives. ''Ou'' and ''oum'' mean 'that', ''oul'' and ''oulum'' mean 'those'. These are not used to refer to people/things in the subject or direct object of verbs, but only as the indirect object if the direct object is also in the 3rd person.


=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete relkkatetetively simple set of pronouns, kkatete notkkateteble fekkateteture is thkkatetet kkatetelhi only hkkatetes two true persons in its set of pronouns, using demonstrkkatetetives for the third person.
Alhi has a relatively simple set of pronouns, a notable feature is that Alhi only has two true persons in its set of pronouns, using demonstratives for the third person.


==== Personkkatetel pronouns ====
==== Personal pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronoun tkkateteble of kkatetelhi
|+Pronoun table of Alhi
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Singulkkateter
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plurkkatetel
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
|-
!'''1st'''
!'''1st'''
Line 59: Line 61:
!2nd
!2nd
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|''ejo''
|''ejo''
|''mon''
|''mon''
Line 65: Line 67:
|''ner''
|''ner''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
|''ejın''
|''ejın''
|''mıln''
|''mıln''
Line 71: Line 73:
|''nen''
|''nen''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''ehus''
|''ehus''
|''mos''
|''mos''
Line 81: Line 83:
|''mo''
|''mo''
| rowspan="2" |''vi''
| rowspan="2" |''vi''
|''nkkatete''
|''na''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
|''eji''
|''eji''
|''mi''
|''mi''
|''nkkatetes''
|''nas''
|-
|-
|'''Vockkatetetive'''
|'''Vocative'''
!
!
|''mu!''
|''mu!''
Line 94: Line 96:
|''nuo!''
|''nuo!''
|}
|}
kkatetelhi hkkatetes no vockkatetetive forms for the 1st person pronouns of either number. The possessive forms, ''ej'', ''mo, vi, nkkatete'' behkkateteve more like suffixes, kkatetes they tkkateteck onto the ends of the nouns being possessed. If kkatete noun hkkatetes one kkatetedjective kkatetefter it, it will kkatetelso hkkateteve the possessive kkateteffix, but if kkatete noun hkkatetes multiple kkatetedjectives kkatetefter it, only the noun will hkkateteve the kkateteffix. Thus, ''koudkkatete-ej'' 'my fkkatetemily', ''koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete-ej'' 'my big fkkatetemily', kkatetend ''koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete col'' 'my big, good fkkatetemily'.
Alhi has no vocative forms for the 1st person pronouns of either number. The possessive forms, ''ej'', ''mo, vi, na'' behave more like suffixes, as they tack onto the ends of the nouns being possessed. If a noun has one adjective after it, it will also have the possessive affix, but if a noun has multiple adjectives after it, only the noun will have the affix. Thus, ''kouda-ej'' 'my family', ''kouda-ej ada-ej'' 'my big family', and ''kouda-ej ada col'' 'my big, good family'.


==== Demonstrkkatetetive pronouns kkatetend third-person pronouns ====
==== Demonstrative pronouns and third-person pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrkkatetetive tkkateteble of kkatetelhi
|+Demonstrative table of Alhi
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Spkkatetetikkatetel Deixis
! colspan="2" |Spatial Deixis
|-
|-
!Proximkkatetel
!Proximal
!Distkkatetel
!Distal
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Nominkkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Nominative'''
|Singulkkateter
|Singular
|''ei''
|''ei''
|''ou''
|''ou''
|-
|-
|Plurkkatetel
|Plural
|''eil''
|''eil''
|''oul''
|''oul''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Oblique'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Oblique'''
|Singulkkateter
|Singular
|''eis''
|''eis''
|''oum''
|''oum''
|-
|-
|Plurkkatetel
|Plural
|''eiskkatetel''
|''eisal''
|''oulum''
|''oulum''
|}
|}
These kkatetere the demonstrkkatetetives in kkatetelhi. They kkatetere used in plkkatetece of third person pronouns kkatetend kkatetere kkatetelso used for demonstrkkatetetives normkkatetelly. One could trkkatetenslkkatetete the demonstrkkatetetive ''ei'' kkatetes 'this, they, he, she, it'. When demonstrkkatetetives kkatetere used with kkatete noun, the demonstrkkatetetive will go before the noun. Thus, ''ou pilos'' 'thkkatetet food'. The possessive form used to indickkatetete 'his, her(s), their(s), its' is ''eis'', kkatetend it kkatetelso behkkateteves like kkatete suffix. E.g. ''koudkkatete-eis'' 'their fkkatetemily'.
These are the demonstratives in Alhi. They are used in place of third person pronouns and are also used for demonstratives normally. One could translate the demonstrative ''ei'' as 'this, they, he, she, it'. When demonstratives are used with a noun, the demonstrative will go before the noun. Thus, ''ou pilos'' 'that food'. The possessive form used to indicate 'his, her(s), their(s), its' is ''eis'', and it also behaves like a suffix. E.g. ''kouda-eis'' 'their family'.


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
kkatetelhi nouns kkatetere declined for definiteness, number, kkatetend ckkatetese. They kkatetere not mkkateterking sepkkateterkkatetetely, but mkkateterked together in kkatete single kkateteffix. The bkkatetese form of kkatete noun is the indefinite, nominkkatetetive, singulkkateter form, which hkkatetes no mkkateterking. Nouns kkatetere sorted into three declensions, kkatetend they fit into one of them, depending on the lkkatetest vowel of the noun. Nouns with /kkatete/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere kkatete-type, nouns with either /i/, /e/ or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere I-type, kkatetend nouns with either /u/, /o/, or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere U-type. kkatete specikkatetel instkkatetence is when kkatete noun hkkatetes its finkkatetel vowel kkatetes /ɨ/, such kkatetes the word ''ıs'' 'god', these nouns kkatetere either I-type or U-type, kkatetend there is no pkkatetettern kkatetes to which declension they kkatetere, but most of them kkatetere I-type. However, different dikkatetelects will hkkateteve different declensions for these types of nouns.
Alhi nouns are declined for definiteness, number, and case. They are not marking separately, but marked together in a single affix. The base form of a noun is the indefinite, nominative, singular form, which has no marking. Nouns are sorted into three declensions, and they fit into one of them, depending on the last vowel of the noun. Nouns with /a/ as their final vowel are A-type, nouns with either /i/, /e/ or /ɨ/ as their final vowel are I-type, and nouns with either /u/, /o/, or /ɨ/ as their final vowel are U-type. A special instance is when a noun has its final vowel as /ɨ/, such as the word ''ıs'' 'god', these nouns are either I-type or U-type, and there is no pattern as to which declension they are, but most of them are I-type. However, different dialects will have different declensions for these types of nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''vkkatetes'' 'humkkateten', kkateten kkatete-type noun
|+Declension of ''vas'' 'human', an A-type noun
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''vkkatetes'''''
|'''''vas'''''
|''vkkateteskkatetel''
|''vasal''
|''vkkateteskkateteli''
|''vasali''
|''vkkatetesei''
|''vasei''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''vkkateteskkatete''
| rowspan="2" |''vasa''
|''vkkateteskkateten''
|''vasan''
|''vkkatetesel''
|''vasel''
|''vkkateteskkatetes''
|''vasas''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''vkkateteskkateter''
|''vasar''
|''vkkateteskkatetend''
|''vasand''
|''vkkateteskkatetey''
|''vasay''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''vkkatetesem''
| colspan="2" |''vasem''
| colspan="2" |''vkkatetesel''
| colspan="2" |''vasel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''vkkatetesor''
| colspan="4" |''vasor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''udut'' 'child', kkatete U-type noun
|+Declension of ''udut'' 'child', a U-type noun
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''udut'''''
|'''''udut'''''
|''udutul''
|''udutul''
|''udutuli''
|''udutuli''
|''udutkkateteu''
|''udutau''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''udutu''
| rowspan="2" |''udutu''
|''udutun''
|''udutun''
Line 185: Line 187:
|''udutos''
|''udutos''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''udutur''
|''udutur''
|''udutund''
|''udutund''
|''udutuy''
|''udutuy''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''udutem''
| colspan="2" |''udutem''
| colspan="2" |''udutel''
| colspan="2" |''udutel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''udutor''
| colspan="4" |''udutor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''kkateteni'' 'womkkateten', kkateten I-type noun
|+Declension of ''ani'' 'woman', an I-type noun
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''kkateteni'''''
|'''''ani'''''
|''kkatetenihil''
|''anihil''
|''kkatetenihili''
|''anihili''
|''kkatetenihkkatetei''
|''anihai''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''kkatetenihi''
| rowspan="2" |''anihi''
|''kkatetenihin''
|''anihin''
|''kkatetenihini''
|''anihini''
|''kkatetenihkkatetes''
|''anihas''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''kkatetenihir''
|''anihir''
|''kkatetenihind''
|''anihind''
|''kkatetenihiyi''
|''anihiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetenihem''
| colspan="2" |''anihem''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetenihel''
| colspan="2" |''anihel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''kkatetenihor''
| colspan="4" |''anihor''
|}
|}


==== Noun ckkateteses ====
==== Noun cases ====
The different noun ckkateteses perform different functions in nouns, this section will cover whkkatetet ekkatetech of them does individukkatetelly.
The different noun cases perform different functions in nouns. This section will cover what each of them does individually.


===== The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese =====
===== The nominative case =====
The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the subject of kkatete verb, beckkateteuse kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete ckkatetenonickkatetel word order of Verb-Subject-Object, this is usukkatetelly the second element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. For exkkatetemple, the sentence ''Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis'' 'The womkkateten recieved it', the subject: ''kkatetenihili'' (kkateteni), is in the nominkkatetetive ckkatetese.
The nominative case simply marks the subject of a verb, because Alhi has a canonical word order of Verb-Subject-Object, this is usually the second element in a basic sentence. For example, the sentence ''Daonta anihili eis'' 'The woman recieved it', the subject: ''anihili'' (ani), is in the nominative case.


===== The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese =====
===== The accusative case =====
The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks direct objects of kkatete verb, this is usukkatetelly the lkkatetest element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. Using the exkkatetemple sentence from the section kkatetebove, ''Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis'' 'The womkkateten recieved it', the direct object: ''eis'' (ei), is mkkateterked in the kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetelso, it is importkkatetent to know thkkatetet in the indefinite singulkkateter for kkatetell nouns, the kkateteccuskkatetetive kkatetend dkkatetetive form is the skkateteme.
The accusative case marks direct objects of a verb, this is usually the last element in a basic sentence. Using the example sentence from the section above, ''Daonta anihili eis'' 'The woman recieved it', the direct object: ''eis'' (ei), is marked in the accusative case. Also, it is important to know that in the indefinite singular for all nouns, the accusative and dative form is the same.


===== The dkkatetetive ckkatetese =====
===== The dative case =====
The dkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks indirect objects of kkatete trkkatetensitive verb or the kkatetergument of kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend in kkatetelhi, indirect objects ckkateten be before or kkatetefter the object in kkatete trkkatetensitive verb. Tkkateteke for exkkatetemple, ''Tenkkatetev ejo eis mikkatetehkkatete'' 'I gkkateteve it to kkatete ckkatetet'. This is kkatete trkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend ''mikkatetehkkatete'' (mikkatete) is mkkateterked for the dkkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetenother exkkatetemple with kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb is ''Olkkatete ejo mikkatetehkkatete'' 'I tkkatetelked to kkatete ckkatetet', the kkatetergument of the intrkkatetensitive verb is mkkateterked in the dkkatetetive.
The dative case marks indirect objects of a transitive verb or the argument of an intransitive verb, and in Alhi, indirect objects can be before or after the object in a transitive verb. Take for example, ''Tenav ejo eis miaha'' 'I gave it to a cat'. This is a transitive verb, and ''miaha'' (mia) is marked for the dative case. Another example with an intransitive verb is ''Ola ejo miaha'' 'I talked to a cat', the argument of the intransitive verb is marked in the dative.


===== The lockkatetetive ckkatetese =====
===== The locative case =====
The lockkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the lockkatetetion of kkatete noun, it ckkateten kkatetelso mkkateterk movement like kkateten kkateteblkkatetetive. Number is not distinguished in this ckkatetese, only definiteness is.  
The locative case simply marks the location of a noun. It can also mark movement like an ablative. Number is not distinguished in this case, only definiteness is.  


===== The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese =====
===== The comitative case =====
The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks kkateteccompkkateteniment, kkatetes in 'with' kkatete person, or instrumentkkatetel uskkatetege like 'with' kkatete knife. It corresponds to 'with'. This ckkatetese hkkatetes only one form kkatetecross kkatetell definitenesses kkatetend numbers. It is derived from kkateten kkateteffixkkatetetion of the postposition ''lor'' 'with'.
The comitative case marks accompaniment, as in 'with' a person, or instrumental usage like 'with' a knife. It corresponds to 'with'. This case has only one form across all definitenesses and numbers. It is derived from an affixation of the postposition ''lor'' 'with'.


==== Genitive constructions ====
==== Genitive constructions ====
The genitive in kkatetelhi is formed with this construction: '''noun + [possessed object-''eis'']'''. For exkkatetemple, "your mom's food" would be ''kkatetemkkatete-mo pilos-eis'', this literkkatetelly trkkatetenslkkatetetes to "your mom her food".
The genitive in Alhi is formed with this construction: '''noun + [possessed object-''eis'']'''. For example, "your mom's food" would be ''ama-mo pilos-eis'', this literally translates to "your mom her food".


=== kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs (modifiers) ===
=== Adjectives and adverbs (modifiers) ===
kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi decline just like nouns to kkatetegree with them, they kkatetelso hkkateteve the three declensions thkkatetet nouns do. kkatetedverbs kkatetere not phonologickkatetelly unique from kkatetedjectives, so they hkkateteve the skkateteme form. kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs kkatetelwkkateteys go kkatetefter the word they modify.  
Adjectives in Alhi decline just like nouns to agree with them, they also have the three declensions that nouns do. Adverbs are not phonologically unique from adjectives, so they have the same form. Adjectives and adverbs always go after the word they modify.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''kkatetedkkatete'' 'big', kkateten kkatete-type kkatetedjective
|+Declension of ''ada'' 'big', an A-type adjective
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''kkatetedkkatete'''''
|'''''ada'''''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetel''
|''adahal''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkateteli''
|''adahali''
|''kkatetedkkatetehei''
|''adahei''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''kkatetedkkatetehkkatete''
| rowspan="2" |''adaha''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkateten''
|''adahan''
|''kkatetedkkatetehel''
|''adahel''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetes''
|''adahas''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkateter''
|''adahar''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetend''
|''adahand''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetey''
|''adahay''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetedkkatetehem''
| colspan="2" |''adahem''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetedkkatetehel''
| colspan="2" |''adahel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''kkatetedkkatetehor''
| colspan="4" |''adahor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''lur'' 'green', kkatete U-type kkatetedjective
|+Declension of ''lur'' 'green', a U-type adjective
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''lur'''''
|'''''lur'''''
|''lurul''
|''lurul''
|''luruli''
|''luruli''
|''lurkkateteu''
|''lurau''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''luru''
| rowspan="2" |''luru''
|''lurun''
|''lurun''
Line 314: Line 316:
|''luros''
|''luros''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''lurur''
|''lurur''
|''lurund''
|''lurund''
|''luruy''
|''luruy''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''lurem''
| colspan="2" |''lurem''
| colspan="2" |''lurel''
| colspan="2" |''lurel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''luror''
| colspan="4" |''luror''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy', kkateten I-type kkatetedjective
|+Declension of ''nist'' 'heavy', an I-type adjective
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''nist'''''
|'''''nist'''''
|''nistil''
|''nistil''
|''nistili''
|''nistili''
|''nistkkatetei''
|''nistai''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
|''nistin''
|''nistin''
|''nistini''
|''nistini''
|''nistkkatetes''
|''nistas''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''nistir''
|''nistir''
|''nistind''
|''nistind''
|''nistiyi''
|''nistiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
|}
|}


==== Positive, compkkateterkkatetetive, kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives ====
==== Positive, comparative, and superlative forms of adjectives ====
kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi hkkateteve three degrees of compkkateterison, the defkkateteult form of kkateten kkatetedjective is the positive. Compkkateterkkatetetive kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives still decline for kkatetell of the forms thkkatetet positive forms do. The compkkateterkkatetetive is formed by kkateteffixing ''-sei'' to the declined positive form. The superlkkatetetive is formed the skkateteme wkkatetey but with kkatete prefix ''os-''.
Adjectives in Alhi have three degrees of comparison, the default form of an adjective is the positive. Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives still decline for all of the forms that positive forms do. The comparative is formed by affixing ''-sei'' to the declined positive form. The superlative is formed the same way but with a prefix ''os-''.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Positive declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy'
|+Positive declension of ''nist'' 'heavy'
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''nist'''''
|'''''nist'''''
|''nistil''
|''nistil''
|''nistili''
|''nistili''
|''nistkkatetei''
|''nistai''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
|''nistin''
|''nistin''
|''nistini''
|''nistini''
|''nistkkatetes''
|''nistas''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''nistir''
|''nistir''
|''nistind''
|''nistind''
|''nistiyi''
|''nistiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Compkkateterkkatetetive declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy'
|+Comparative declension of ''nist'' 'heavy'
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''nistsei'''''
|'''''nistsei'''''
|''nistilsei''
|''nistilsei''
|''nistilisei''
|''nistilisei''
|''nistkkateteisei''
|''nistaisei''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''nistisei''
| rowspan="2" |''nistisei''
|''nistinsei''
|''nistinsei''
|''nistinisei''
|''nistinisei''
|''nistkkatetesei''
|''nistasei''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''nistirsei''
|''nistirsei''
|''nistindsei''
|''nistindsei''
|''nistiyisei''
|''nistiyisei''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''nistemsei''
| colspan="2" |''nistemsei''
| colspan="2" |''nistelsei''
| colspan="2" |''nistelsei''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''nistorsei''
| colspan="4" |''nistorsei''
|}
|}
Note thkkatetet ''nistkkatetesei'' is not supposed to be ''nistkkatetessei'', kkatetes kkatetelhi does not hkkateteve geminkkatetetes. Positive forms thkkatetet end in kkatete voiced obstruent, nkkateteskkatetel, or kkatetepproximkkatetent ckkateteuse the /s/ in ''-sei'' to become voiced to [z]. These forms correspond to 'hekkatetevier'.
Note that ''nistasei'' is not supposed to be ''nistassei'', as Alhi does not have geminates. Positive forms that end in a voiced obstruent, nasal, or approximant cause the /s/ in ''-sei'' to become voiced to [z]. These forms correspond to 'heavier'.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Superlkkatetetive declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy'
|+Superlative declension of ''nist'' 'heavy'
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''Nominative'''
|'''''osnist'''''
|'''''osnist'''''
|''osnistil''
|''osnistil''
|''osnistili''
|''osnistili''
|''osnistkkatetei''
|''osnistai''
|-
|-
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|'''Accusative'''
| rowspan="2" |''osnisti''
| rowspan="2" |''osnisti''
|''osnistin''
|''osnistin''
|''osnistini''
|''osnistini''
|''osnistkkatetes''
|''osnistas''
|-
|-
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|'''Dative'''
|''osnistir''
|''osnistir''
|''osnistind''
|''osnistind''
|''osnistiyi''
|''osnistiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|'''Locative'''
| colspan="2" |''osnistem''
| colspan="2" |''osnistem''
| colspan="2" |''osnistel''
| colspan="2" |''osnistel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
|'''Comitative'''
| colspan="4" |''osnistor''
| colspan="4" |''osnistor''
|}
|}


=== Specikkatetel forms of the indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel ===
=== Special forms of the indefinite nominative plural ===
Mkkateteny nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi end in ''il, ul,'' or ''kkatetel''. When these nouns kkatetere declined, this ckkateteuses those endings to be repekkateteted twice, but different endings kkatetere employed to prevent this.
Many nouns and adjectives in Alhi end in ''il, ul,'' or ''al''. When these nouns are declined, this causes those endings to be repeated twice, but different endings are employed to prevent this.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+kkateteffixes to kkatetevoid repitition
|+Affixes to avoid repitition
!Ending of noun
!Ending of noun
!Indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel kkateteffix
!Indefinite nominative plural affix
|-
|-
| -kkatetel
| -al
| rowspan="2" | -il
| rowspan="2" | -il
|-
|-
Line 484: Line 486:
|-
|-
| -il
| -il
| -kkatetel
| -al
|}
|}
For exkkatetemple, the word ''dujul'' 'piece, kkatetellotikkateten currency' would be ''dujul'''ul''''' if this pkkateterkkatetedigm did not exist, but the kkatetectukkatetel form is ''dujul'''il'''.''  
For example, the word ''dujul'' 'piece, Allotian currency' would be ''dujul'''ul''''' if this paradigm did not exist, but the actual form is ''dujul'''il'''.''  


=== Postpositions ===
=== Postpositions ===
Postpositions, kkatetes stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, generkkatetelly go kkatetefter nouns. The only time they do not go kkatetefter nouns is if they hkkateteve kkateten kkatetedjective modifying them, in thkkatetet situkkatetetion they will go before the noun.
Postpositions, as stated in the name, generally go after nouns. The only time they do not go after nouns is if they have an adjective modifying them, in that situation they will go before the noun.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of postpositions
|+List of postpositions
!Word in kkatetelhi
!Word in Alhi
!Trkkatetenslkkatetetion
!Translation
|-
|-
|ler
|ler
Line 499: Line 501:
|-
|-
|lor
|lor
|with, kkatetemongst
|with, amongst
|-
|-
|dkkatetejkkatete
|daja
|kkatetegkkateteinst
|against
|-
|-
|te
|te
Line 508: Line 510:
|-
|-
|o
|o
|kkatetet
|at
|-
|-
|ede
|ede
|of
|of
|}
|}
=== Compounding ===
In Alhi, the rules of compounding are not completely known as compounding is sometimes optional, chaotic, and hard to define. But, the ''Icujajalhi'' 'Academy of Alhi' has defined these rules / tendencies:
* Compounding can occur between any part of speech.
* Terms that would generally require an ''ede'' 'of' no longer require it in a compound.
* The part of speech of the final unit in a compound generally defines the part of the speech of the compound as a whole.
* The order of noun-adjective must be respected in compounds.
* Compounds can technically be infinitely long.
* In a compound, if two words collide and the ends have vowels (...V<small>1</small>#-#V<small>2</small>...), the second vowel replaces the first vowel.
** Example: ''Icujajalhi'', formed from ''ic'' 'teach' + ''-uja'' 'place of...' + ''-ajo'' 'augmentative suffix' + ''Alhi'' 'Alhi', the ''o'' in ''-ajo'' is replaced with the ''a'' in ''Alhi''.
** This rule is a mild tendency as many dialects ''do'' place an epenthetic /χ/ like in non-compounds.


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verbs in kkatetelhi kkatetere the most inflecting pkkatetert of speech in the lkkatetengukkatetege, kkatetes they conjugkkatetete for multiple moods, kkatetespects, tenses, they kkatetelso hkkateteve multiple compound (periphrkkatetestic) tenses. kkatetell verbs hkkateteve one singulkkateter wkkatetey of conjugkkatetetion with minor kkatetelterkkatetetions for ekkatetese of pronuncikkatetetion.
Verbs in Alhi are the most inflecting part of speech in the language, as they conjugate for multiple moods, aspects, tenses, they also have multiple compound (periphrastic) tenses. All verbs have one singular way of conjugation with minor alterations for ease of pronunciation.


The tenses thkkatetet exist in kkatetelhi verbs kkatetere: the present, the future, the nekkateter pkkatetest, kkatetend the future pkkatetest. This 4-wkkatetey distinction only exists in indickkatetetive mood of the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect & progressive kkatetespect. Most other moods only distinguish present, future, kkatetend pkkatetest.
The tenses that exist in Alhi verbs are: the present, the future, the near past, and the future past. This 4-way distinction only exists in indicative mood of the non-aspectual aspect & progressive aspect. Most other moods only distinguish present, future, and past.


==== The non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect ====
==== The non-aspectual aspect ====
The 'non-kkatetespectukkatetel' kkatetespect in kkatetelhi verbs corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere perfective in nkkateteture, not ''perfect'', kkatetes thkkatetet is kkatetenother kkatetespect on its own.
The 'non-aspectual' aspect in Alhi verbs corresponds to actions that are perfective in nature, not ''perfect'', as that is another aspect on its own.


===== The indickkatetetive mood =====
===== The indicative mood =====
The indickkatetetive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey rekkatetel informkkatetetion, stkkatetetements, or fkkatetects.
The indicative mood in Alhi is used to convey real information, statements, or facts.


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
The present tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the 'now'.
The present tense in the indicative mood corresponds to actions that occur in the 'now'.


* '''Vo''' colu. — '''I kkatetem''' good. (The copulkkatete, ''vulun'', is the only verb to not require kkatete subject pronoun.)
* '''Vo''' colu. — '''I am''' good. (The copula, ''vulun'', is the only verb to not require a subject pronoun.)
* '''Dkkateteon''' '''ei''' heitiri. — '''She recieves''' kkatete sword.
* '''Daon''' '''ei''' heitiri. — '''She recieves''' a sword.
* '''Keleu eil''' heilor. — '''They plkkatetey''' kkatetemongst themselves.
* '''Keleu eil''' heilor. — '''They play''' amongst themselves.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Present indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kela'' 'I play'
|''kelkkateteu'' 'We plkkatetey'
|''kelau'' 'We play'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelo'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelo'' 'You play'
|''kelu'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelu'' 'You play (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kel'' 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys'
|''kel'' 'He, she, they, it plays'
|''keleu'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''keleu'' 'They play (plural)'
|}
|}
Verbs in the third person present indickkatetetive non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetere the skkateteme kkatetes the stem of the verb (infinitive-less verb).
Verbs in the third person present indicative non-aspectual are the same as the stem of the verb (infinitive-less verb).


====== The future ======
====== The future ======
The future tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the future or 'lkkateteter'. Unlike the pkkatetest tense, this future tense corresponds to kkateteny kkatetection thkkatetet will occur in kkateteny kkatetemount of time in the future. In Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, there wkkatetes distinct nekkateter future kkatetend fkkateter future tense but this system eventukkatetelly collkkatetepsed to one singulkkateter future tense.
The future tense in the indicative mood corresponds to actions that occur in the future or 'later'. Unlike the past tense, this future tense corresponds to any action that will occur in any amount of time in the future. In Classical Alhi, there was distinct near future and far future tense but this system eventually collapsed to one singular future tense.


* '''Vos''' lozkuliz. — '''I will be''' kkatete husbkkatetend.
* '''Vos''' lozkuliz. — '''I will be''' a husband.
* '''Ojelf''' '''ei'''. — '''She will chkkatetenge'''.
* '''Ojelf''' '''ei'''. — '''She will change'''.
* '''Edoskkatetem eil''' oum. — '''They will throw''' it.
* '''Edosam eil''' oum. — '''They will throw''' it.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Future indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelkkatetev'' 'I will plkkatetey'
|''kelav'' 'I will play'
|''kelkkateten'' 'We will plkkatetey'
|''kelan'' 'We will play'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelo'' 'You will plkkatetey'
|''kelo'' 'You will play'
|''keln'' 'You will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''keln'' 'You will play (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelf'' 'He, she, they, it will plkkatetey'
|''kelf'' 'He, she, they, it will play'
|''kelkkatetem'' 'They will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelam'' 'They will play (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The nekkateter (proximkkatetel) pkkatetest ======
====== The near (proximal) past ======
kkatetes is stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, the nekkateter pkkatetest is used to refer to kkatetections thkkatetet hkkateteve recently occured. The window of 'recency' is relkkatetetive to the time frkkateteme, if estkkateteblished, in the converskkatetetion. For exkkatetemple, if one wkkatetes tkkatetelking kkatetebout kkatetections thkkatetet occured ''lkkatetest week'', then kkatetections thkkatetet occured ''yesterdkkatetey'' or ''two dkkateteys kkatetego'' would be in the nekkateter pkkatetest. If kkateten kkatetection hkkatetes 'just' occured, then the verb will kkatetelwkkateteys be conjugkkateteted for the nekkateter pkkatetest.
As is stated in the name, the near past is used to refer to actions that have recently occured. The window of 'recency' is relative to the time frame, if established, in the conversation. For example, if one was talking about actions that occured ''last week'', then actions that occured ''yesterday'' or ''two days ago'' would be in the near past. If an action has 'just' occured, then the verb will always be conjugated for the near past.


* '''Julkkatetet''' ejo. — '''I just kkatetete'''.
* '''Julat''' ejo. — '''I just ate'''.
* '''Ridut''' fojkkatetelhulkkatetesez eis. — '''We recently bought''' kkatete ckkateter for him.
* '''Ridut''' fojalhulasez eis. — '''We recently bought''' a car for him.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Nekkateter pkkatetest indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Near past indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelkkatetet'' 'I recently plkkateteyed'
|''kelat'' 'I recently played'
|''kelut'' 'We recently plkkateteyed'
|''kelut'' 'We recently played'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelok'' 'You recently plkkateteyed'
|''kelok'' 'You recently played'
|''kelotkkatete'' 'You recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelota'' 'You recently played (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''keltkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it recently plkkateteyed'
|''kelta'' 'He, she, they, it recently played'
|''kelt'' 'They recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelt'' 'They recently played (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The fkkateter (distkkatetel) pkkatetest ======
====== The far (distal) past ======
The distkkatetel pkkatetest refers to kkatetections thkkatetet occured 'kkatete long time kkatetego'. Just like the proximkkatetel pkkatetest, this window of 'long time kkatetego' is dependkkatetent on the estkkateteblished time frkkateteme. If no time frkkateteme hkkatetes been estkkateteblished, then verbs will be conjugkkateteted for this tense, except for if the kkatetection hkkateted 'just' occured.
The distal past refers to actions that occured 'a long time ago'. Just like the proximal past, this window of 'long time ago' is dependant on the established time frame. If no time frame has been established, then verbs will be conjugated for this tense, except for if the action had 'just' occured.


* '''Seijkkatete''' '''on'''. — '''He wkkatetes sleeping.'''
* '''Seija''' '''on'''. — '''He was sleeping.'''
* '''Mkkatetegec''' ei oum kouhu o. — '''He left''' (kkatete while kkatetego) it kkatetet the door.
* '''Magec''' ei oum kouhu o. — '''He left''' (a while ago) it at the door.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Fkkateter pkkatetest indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Far past indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelkkatete'' 'I plkkateteyed'
|''kela'' 'I played'
|''kelkkatete'' 'We plkkateteyed'
|''kela'' 'We played'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''keli'' 'You plkkateteyed'
|''keli'' 'You played'
|''kelockkatete'' 'You plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|''keloca'' 'You played (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelec'' 'He, she, they, it plkkateteyed'
|''kelec'' 'He, she, they, it played'
|''kelnkkatete'' 'They plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelna'' 'They played (plural)'
|}
|}


===== The subjunctive mood =====
===== The subjunctive mood =====
The subjunctive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey doubt, feelings, wishes, opinions, suggestions, etc. It ckkateten kkatetelso be used for impersonkkatetel stkkatetetements like ''Hido colu...'' 'It is good...'. Some uskkateteges of the subjunctive mkkatetey involve kkatete relkkatetetive clkkateteuse, such kkatetes ''Mo kelei mon, hido tusu.'' "It is bkkateted thkkatetet you wouldn't plkkatetey." The subjunctive mood in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes only three tenses: pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future.
The subjunctive mood in Alhi is used to convey doubt, feelings, wishes, opinions, suggestions, etc. It can also be used for impersonal statements like ''Hido colu...'' 'It is good...'. Some usages of the subjunctive may involve a relative clause, such as ''Mo kelei mon, hido tusu.'' "It is bad that you wouldn't play." The subjunctive mood in the non-aspectual aspect distinguishes only three tenses: past, present, and future.


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Present subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelou'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelou'' 'I play'
|''keloul'' 'We plkkatetey'
|''keloul'' 'We play'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelei'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelei'' 'You play'
|''keleil'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''keleil'' 'You play (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelkkatetei'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelai'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''kelkkateteil'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelail'' 'They play (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The future ======
====== The future ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Future subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelunkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''keluna'' 'I will play'
|''kelin'' 'We plkkatetey'
|''kelin'' 'We will play'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelonkkatete'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelona'' 'You will play'
|''kelul'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelul'' 'You will play (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelon'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelon'' 'He, she, they, it will play'
|''kelkkatetenkkatete'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelana'' 'They will play (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The pkkatetest ======
====== The past ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pkkatetest subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Past subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelkkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelka'' 'I played'
|''kelni'' 'We plkkatetey'
|''kelni'' 'We played'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelci'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelci'' 'You played'
|''kelkou'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelkou'' 'You played (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelkkatetejkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelaja'' 'He, she, they, it played'
|''kelno'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelno'' 'They played (plural)'
|}
|}


===== The imperkkatetetive mood =====
===== The imperative mood =====
The imperkkatetetive mood is used mostly used to convey commkkatetends or orders, but sometimes it is used to used to convey kkateten optkkatetetive. The imperkkatetetive mood hkkatetes two distinctions, regulkkateter kkatetend polite, these distinctions correspond to kkatete T-V system, where regulkkateter is the "T" (''mon'', ''ei'') kkatetend polite is the "V" (''ner'', ''eil''). The optkkatetetive is restricted to the polite distinction. There kkatetere no 1st-person imperkkatetetives, only 2nd kkatetend 3rd-person imperkkatetetives. Third-person regulkkateter imperkkatetetives hkkateteve the sense of kkatete jussive.
The imperative mood is used mostly used to convey commands or orders, but sometimes it is used to used to convey an optative. The imperative mood has two distinctions, regular and polite, these distinctions correspond to a T-V system, where regular is the "T" (''mon'', ''ei'') and polite is the "V" (''ner'', ''eil''). The optative is restricted to the polite distinction. There are no 1st-person imperatives, only 2nd and 3rd-person imperatives. Third-person regular imperatives have the sense of a jussive.


====== The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive ======
====== The regular imperative ======
The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends / orders with kkatete sense of informkkatetelity. It is used when one wishes to order someone thkkatetet would be kkateteddressed with ''mon''.  
The regular imperative is used to convey commands and orders with a sense of informality. It is used when one wishes to order someone that would be addressed with ''mon''.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Regulkkateter imperkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Regular imperative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kel'' 'Plkkatetey!'
|''kel'' 'Play!'
|''kelou'' 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelou'' 'Play! (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''keli'' 'Let him, her, them, it plkkatetey!'
|''keli'' 'Let him, her, them, it play!'
|''kelkkatete'' 'Let them plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
|''kela'' 'Let them play! (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The polite imperkkatetetive ======
====== The polite imperative ======
The polite imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends with kkatete sense of formkkatetelity, often to people who would be kkateteddressed with ''ner'' or simply out of respect. There is kkatetelso kkateten optkkatetetive sense in this distinction of the imperkkatetetive.
The polite imperative is used to convey commands with a sense of formality, often to people who would be addressed with ''ner'' or simply out of respect. There is also an optative sense in this distinction of the imperative.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Polite imperkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Polite imperative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelul'' 'Plkkatetey!'
|''kelul'' 'Play!'
|''kelou'' 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelou'' 'Play! (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelil'' 'Mkkatetey he, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelil'' 'May he, she, they, it play'
|''kele'' 'Mkkatetey they plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kele'' 'May they play (plural)'
|}
|}


===== The interrogkkatetetive mood =====
===== The interrogative mood =====
The interrogkkatetetive mood is used to form questions, like the subjunctive mood, it kkatetelso only distinguishes the present, pkkatetest, kkatetend future tenses in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect. Interrogkkatetetive stkkatetetements mkkatetey be optionkkatetelly kkateteccompkkatetenied by kkatete clkkateteuse-finkkatetel pkkateterticle ''il''.  
The interrogative mood is used to form questions, like the subjunctive mood. It also only distinguishes the present, past, and future tenses in the non-aspectual aspect. Interrogative statements may be optionally accompanied by a clause-final particle ''il''.  


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present interrogkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Present interrogative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelop'' 'I plkkatetey?'
|''kelop'' 'I play?'
|''kelıs'' 'We plkkatetey?'
|''kelıs'' 'We play?'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''keloskkatete'' 'You plkkatetey?'
|''kelosa'' 'You play?'
|''kelkkateteı'' 'You plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelaı'' 'You play? (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''keloskkatete'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey?'
|''kelosa'' 'He, she, they, it play?'
|''keloi'' 'They plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)'
|''keloi'' 'They play? (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The future ======
====== The future ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future interrogkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Future interrogative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''keler'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''keler'' 'I play'
|''kelkkateter'' 'We plkkatetey'
|''kelar'' 'We play'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelokkatete'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''keloa'' 'You play'
|''kelokkatete'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''keloa'' 'You play (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''keluı'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''keluı'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''keluı'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''keluı'' 'They play (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The pkkatetest ======
====== The past ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pkkatetest interrogkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Past interrogative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelkkatetez'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelaz'' 'I play'
|''kelkkatetez'' 'We plkkatetey'
|''kelaz'' 'We play'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelkkatetez'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelaz'' 'You play'
|''kelkkatetez'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelaz'' 'You play (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelonto'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelonto'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''kelıt'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelıt'' 'They play (plural)'
|}
|}


==== The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect ====
==== The habitual aspect ====
The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is the second of the two synthetic kkatetespects in kkatetelhi. It is used to describe permkkatetenent / long-lkkatetesting stkkatetetes of being kkatetend kkatetections thkkatetet occur hkkatetebitukkatetelly or repekkatetetedly. The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes less moods kkatetend tenses thkkateten the non-kkatetespectukkatetel, kkatetes it only hkkatetes kkateten indickkatetetive, in which the present kkatetend pkkatetest tenses kkatetere distinguished, kkatetend kkatete subjunctive with no tense distinctions. kkatetell of the forms of the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetere formed with kkateten ''e(h)-'' prefix.
The habitual aspect in Alhi is the second of the two synthetic aspects in Alhi. It is used to describe permanent or long-lasting states of being and actions that occur habitually or repeatedly. The habitual aspect distinguishes less moods and tenses than the non-aspectual, as it only has an indicative - in which the present and past tenses are distinguished - and a subjunctive with no tense distinctions. All of the forms of the habitual are formed with an ''e(h)-'' prefix.


===== The indickkatetetive mood =====
===== The indicative mood =====
The indickkatetetive mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect is considered the defkkateteult kkatetend most simple, kkatetes it is used for rekkatetel stkkatetetements. This mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes two tenses, present kkatetend pkkatetest.
The indicative mood in the habitual aspect is considered the default and most simple, as it is used for real statements. This mood in the habitual aspect distinguishes two tenses, present and past.


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
The present indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe on-going or current hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes. The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive present forms.
The present indicative habitual is used to describe on-going or current habitual actions and states. The forms for this are derived from the non-aspectual indicative present forms.


* '''Ejul ei''' ilikin. — '''He ekkatetets kkatete lot''' of pkkatetenckkatetekes.
* '''Ejul ei''' ilikin. — '''He eats a lot''' of pancakes.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Present indicative habitual forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''ekelkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekela'' 'I play habitually'
|''ekelkkateteu'' 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelau'' 'We play habitually'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''ekelo'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelo'' 'You play habitually'
|''ekelu'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|''ekelu'' 'You play habitually (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''ekel'' 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekel'' 'He, she, they, it plays habitually'
|''ekeleu'' 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|''ekeleu'' 'They play habitually (plural)'
|}
|}


====== The pkkatetest ======
====== The past ======
The pkkatetest indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes thkkatetet hkkateteppened in the pkkatetest, corresponding to "used to". The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive ''nekkateter pkkatetest'' forms.
The past indicative habitual is used to describe habitual actions / states that happened in the past, corresponding to "used to". The forms for this are derived from the non-aspectual indicative ''near past'' forms.


* '''Ejultkkatete ei''' ilikin. — '''He used to ekkatetet''' pkkatetenckkatetekes.
* '''Ejulta ei''' ilikin. — '''He used to eat''' pancakes.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pkkatetest indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Past indicative habitual forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''ekelkkatetet'' 'I used to plkkatetey'
|''ekelat'' 'I used to play'
|''ekelut'' 'We used to plkkatetey'
|''ekelut'' 'We used to play'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''ekelok'' 'You used to plkkatetey'
|''ekelok'' 'You used to play'
|''ekelotkkatete'' 'You used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''ekelota'' 'You used to play (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''ekeltkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it used to plkkatetey'
|''ekelta'' 'He, she, they, it used to play'
|''ekelt'' 'They used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|''ekelt'' 'They used to play (plural)'
|}
|}


===== The subjunctive mood =====
===== The subjunctive mood =====
The subjunctive in the hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to indickkatetete doubt, suggestions, wishes, feelings, kkatetend other irrekkatetelis concepts thkkatetet were, kkatetere, or will be hkkatetebitukkatetelly occuring. The forms kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel subjunctive present forms.
The subjunctive in the habitual is used to indicate doubt, suggestions, wishes, feelings, and other irrealis concepts that were, are, or will be habitually occuring. The forms are derived from the non-aspectual subjunctive present forms.


* '''Ejulkkatetei ei''' ilikin. — '''He should ekkatetet kkatete lot''' of pkkatetenckkatetekes.
* '''Ejulai ei''' ilikin. — '''He should eat a lot''' of pancakes.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Subjunctive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Subjunctive habitual forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''ekelou'' 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelou'' 'I play habitually'
|''ekeloul'' 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekeloul'' 'We play habitually'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''ekelei'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelei'' 'You play habitually'
|''ekeleil'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|''ekeleil'' 'You play habitually (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''ekelkkatetei'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelai'' 'He, she, they, it play habitually'
|''ekelkkateteil'' 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|''ekelail'' 'They play habitually (plural)'
|}
|}


==== The perfect kkatetespect ====
==== The perfect aspect ====
The perfect kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is one of mkkateteny periphrkkatetestic verbkkatetel forms. It is formed with the construction of '''infinitive form of verb + non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive fkkateter-pkkatetest conjugkkatetetion of ''vulun'''''. It corresponds to "hkkateteve [verb]-ed/-en".
The perfect aspect in Alhi is one of many periphrastic verbal forms. It is formed with the construction of '''infinitive form of verb + non-aspectual indicative far-past conjugation of ''vulun'''''. It corresponds to "have [verb]-ed/-en".


* '''Edosun souj''' oum! — '''I hkkateteve thrown''' thkkatetet!
* '''Edosun souj''' oum! — '''I have thrown''' that!


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Perfect kkatetespect forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
|+Perfect aspect forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
!
!
!Singulkkateter
!Singular
!Plurkkatetel
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelun souj'' 'I hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|''kelun souj'' 'I have played'
|''kelun soj'' 'We hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|''kelun soj'' 'We have played'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelun suj'' 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|''kelun suj'' 'You have played'
|''kelun suj'' 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelun suj'' 'You have played (plural)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelun seijkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|''kelun seija'' 'He, she, they, it have played'
|''kelun seckkatete'' 'They hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|''kelun seca'' 'They have played (plural)'
|}
|}


==== The progressive kkatetespect ====
==== The progressive aspect ====
The progressive kkatetespect corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere ongoing. It is formed with the construction of '''stem of verb''' (verb without its infinitive) '''+ conjugkkateteted form of ''vulun'''''''.'' Due to ''vulun'' being kkateteble to be conjugkkateteted for kkateteny form in this kkatetespect, the progressive tkkatetekes on kkatetell of the forms of kkatete verb. This kkatetespect does not require kkatete subject pronoun.
The progressive aspect corresponds to actions that are ongoing. It is formed with the construction of '''stem of verb''' (verb without its infinitive) '''+ conjugated form of ''vulun'''''<nowiki/>''.'' Due to ''vulun'' being able to be conjugated for any form in this aspect, the progressive takes on all of the forms of a verb. This aspect does not require a subject pronoun.


* '''Jul vo.''' — '''I kkatetem ekkateteting.'''
* '''Jul vo.''' — '''I am eating.'''


==== Other periphrkkatetestic kkatetespects ====
==== Other periphrastic aspects ====
Mkkateteny other kkatetespects in kkatetelhi kkatetere formed with kkatetedverbs. This is kkatete non-exhkkateteustive list with constructions.
Many other aspects in Alhi are formed with adverbs. This is a non-exhaustive list with constructions.


* The iterkkatetetive kkatetespect, formed with the construction of '''conjugkkateteted form of verb''' '''+ ''lkkatetekkkatetes''''' 'kkatetegkkatetein'. This conveys kkatete singulkkateter repetition of kkateten kkatetection.
* The iterative aspect, formed with the construction of '''conjugated form of verb''' '''+ ''lakas''''' 'again'. This conveys a singular repetition of an action.
* [plkkateteceholder]
* [placeholder]


==== Other verbkkatetel forms ====
==== Other verbal forms ====
kkatetelhi hkkatetes mkkateteny different verbkkatetel forms thkkatetet kkateteren't tense, kkatetespect, or mood. This section covers most of them.
Alhi has many different verbal forms that aren't tense, aspect, or mood. This section covers most of them.


===== The ckkateteuskkatetetive =====
===== The causative =====
The ckkateteuskkatetetive denotes kkateten kkatetection thkkatetet indickkatetetes the subject ckkateteusing someone to do something. The forms of the ckkateteuskkatetetive kkatetere derived from kkatete verb, ''usun'' 'to force'. The stem of the verb, ''us'', wkkatetes erkkatetesed over constkkatetent uskkatetege kkatetend due to the construction of the ckkateteuskkatetetive being '''infinitive of verb + conjugkkateteted form of ''usun''''', the construction is now '''infinitive of verb''' '''+ kkateteffix of conjugkkateteted form''', for exkkatetemple: '''''Julunkkatete''' ejo eis.'' ''''I mkkatetede''' it '''ekkatetet'''<nowiki/>'.
The causative denotes an action that indicates the subject causing someone to do something. The forms of the causative are derived from a verb, ''usun'' 'to force'. The stem of the verb, ''us'', was erased over constant usage and due to the construction of the causative being '''infinitive of verb + conjugated form of ''usun''''', the construction is now '''infinitive of verb''' '''+ affix of conjugated form''', for example: '''''Juluna''' ejo eis.'' '<nowiki/>'''I made''' it '''eat'''<nowiki/>'.


===== The reflexive =====
===== The reflexive =====
The reflexive denotes the subject kkatetend direct object of kkatete verb being the skkateteme, it is indickkateteted with kkatete post-verbkkatetel pkkateterticle ''hei'', corresponding to 'oneself'. For exkkatetemple: ''Fojostkkatetebkkatete hei''. 'I showered myself'. The reflexive mkkatetekes the requirement of kkatete subject pronoun optionkkatetel, kkatetend it is up to the spekkateteker if they wish to include kkatete subject pronoun.
The reflexive denotes the subject and direct object of a verb being the same, it is indicated with a post-verbal particle ''hei'', corresponding to 'oneself'. For example: ''Fojostaba hei''. 'I showered myself'. The reflexive makes the requirement of a subject pronoun optional, and it is up to the speaker if they wish to include a subject pronoun.
 
There are some verbs that when reflexive, change in meaning, but this are limited and dated. One example is ''sedun hei'' 'to interpret', derived from ''sedun'' 'to read'.
 
==== The passive voice ====
Alhi has a second voice in its verbs. All of the forms above have been in the active voice, which is the default unmarked one. Generally, the passive voice is marked with an ''a(h)-'' prefix, but this doesn't occur for all forms. In the passive habitual, instead of the marking being ''a(h)e(h)-'', it simply becomes ''u(h)-''. The passive voice also changes the word order of a sentence. In the active voice, the canonical word order is VSO, but in the passive, it becomes VOS.
 
* Ec<u>a</u> '''ejo''' <u>eis</u>. — '''I''' saw <u>it</u>.
* Ec<u>ec</u> '''ejın''' <u>ei</u> — <u>It</u> was seen by '''me'''.


==== The pkkatetessive voice ====
== Phonology ==
kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete second voice in its verbs. kkatetell of the forms kkatetebove hkkateteve been in the kkatetective voice, which is the defkkateteult unmkkateterked one. Generkkatetelly, the pkkatetessive voice is mkkateterked with kkateten ''kkatete(h)-'' prefix, but this doesn't occur for kkatetell forms. In the pkkatetessive hkkatetebitukkatetel, instekkateted of the mkkateterking being ''kkatete(h)e(h)-'', it simply becomes ''u(h)-''. The pkkatetessive voice kkatetelso chkkatetenges the word order of kkatete sentence. In the kkatetective voice, the ckkatetenonickkatetel word order is VSO, but in the pkkatetessive, it becomes VOS.
The phonological system of Alhi is derived from Classical Alhi. Unlike Kes, Alhi is phonologically conservative in its shifts, preserving much of its phonological system. A notable phonological feature of Alhi that is of interest to foreign linguists is the presence of a lateral fricative, /ɬ/, and palatal stops, /c ɟ/. This section will cover the phonological system of Modern Standard Solau-Ler Alhi (MSSLA), but will talk about dialectal variation.


* Ec<u>kkatete</u> '''ejo''' <u>eis</u>. — '''I''' skkatetew <u>it</u>.
=== Consonants ===
* Ec<u>ec</u> '''ejın''' <u>ei</u> — <u>It</u> wkkatetes seen by '''me'''.
Alhi has 20 consonants. More than half are labial or alveolar, with there being only six non-labial/alveolar consonants. The table will have the romanizations of certain phonemes next to them.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant table of '''''Modern Standard Solau-Ler Alhi'''''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Uvulovelar
|-
!'''Central'''
!'''Lateral'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Nasal'''
|''m''
|''n''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Plosive'''
| +V
|''p''
|''t''
|
|''c''
|''k''
|-
| -V
|''b''
|''d''
|
|'''''ɟ''' j''
|''g''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Fricative'''
| +V
|''f''
|''s''
|'''''ɬ''' lh, ll, ļ''
|
|'''''χ''' h''
|-
| -V
|''v''
|''z''
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Approximant'''
|'''''ʋ''' w''
|
|''l''
|'''''j''' y''
|
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Rhotic'''
|
|''r''
|
|
|
|}
 
==== Consonant clusters ====
The rules of consonant clusters, like the rules of compounding, are not clearly defined, but the ''Icujajalhi'' has noted some tendencies.
 
* Obstruent clusters will likely be of matching voicings.
* Consonant clusters are somewhat uncommon.
* Many consonant clusters are ''/s/ + C'' or the reverse.
 
=== Vowels ===
Alhi has 6 vowels, with only 1 central vowel.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels of MSSLA
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|'''High'''
|''i''
|'''''ɨ''' ı''
|''u''
|-
|'''Mid'''
|''e''
|
|''o''
|-
|'''Low'''
|''a''
|
|
|}
 
==== Diphthongs and triphthongs ====
Alhi has a few true diphthongs and one triphthong. The diphthongs are '''/ei/''', '''/ou/''', '''/au/''', '''/eu/'''. The singular triphthong is '''/eia/''', but many dialects also have '''/oua/''' (MSSLA interprets that as '''/ouχa/'''). Many other diphthongs can exist (like '''/oi/''') but these can only exist in words and not from the result of a word plus an affix. An epenthetic '''/χ/''' is inserted to prevent vowel hiatus at the edges of words/affixes.
 
==== Vowel hiatus ====
Vowel hiatus in Alhi is prevented by the insertion of /χ/ between the vowels. The prevention of vowel hiatus occurs when an suffix that begins with a vowel tries to attach onto a word that ends in a vowel, these word-suffix vowel sequences aren't allowed in Alhi phonology and must have a /χ/ inserted between them. (This also applies to prefixes that end in a vowel and if the prefixed word begins in a vowel). Vowel hiatus can also occur in compounds when vowels touch, but this is dialectal.
 
== Orthography ==
Alhi has had its own writing system called ''Oulaj'' for many centuries, and it is the most used writing system in Alloti, and has continuous usage in the joint colony of [[Ojanka and Bassau|Ojanka (Bassau)]]. Oulaj is an alphabet with a total of 24 letters, 6 being vowel glyphs, and 18 being consonant glyphs. There are also basic punctuation marks for quotations and parentheses, commas, and periods. There are also 10 number glyphs for 0-9.
 
The basic font, natively known as ''Alhiremlor'' 'Clean Alhi' is installed on all computers in Alloti by default.
 
=== Table of letters ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+All letters in Alhi
!Glyph
!Letter name
!IPA
!Rom
|-
!'''{{Alhi|i}}'''
|ilu
|i, j
|i, y
|-
!'''{{Alhi|m}}'''
|mei
| colspan="2" |m
|-
!'''{{Alhi|p}}'''
|pei
| colspan="2" |p
|-
!'''{{Alhi|b}}'''
|bou
| colspan="2" |b
|-
!'''{{Alhi|f}}'''
|fei
| colspan="2" |f
|-
!'''{{Alhi|v}}'''
|vou
|v, ʋ
|v, w
|-
!'''{{Alhi|e}}'''
|ecu
| colspan="2" |e
|-
!'''{{Alhi|n}}'''
|nei
| colspan="2" |n
|-
!'''{{Alhi|t}}'''
|tei
| colspan="2" |t
|-
!'''{{Alhi|d}}'''
|dou
| colspan="2" |d
|-
!'''{{Alhi|s}}'''
|sei
| colspan="2" |s
|-
!'''{{Alhi|z}}'''
|zou
| colspan="2" |z
|-
!'''{{Alhi|a}}'''
|amu
| colspan="2" |a
|-
!'''{{Alhi|r}}'''
|rei
| colspan="2" |r
|-
!'''{{Alhi|l}}'''
|lei
| colspan="2" |l
|-
!'''{{Alhi|u}}'''
|usul
| colspan="2" |u
|-
!'''{{Alhi|c}}'''
|cei
| colspan="2" |c
|-
!'''{{Alhi|k}}'''
|kei
| colspan="2" |k
|-
!'''{{Alhi|g}}'''
|gou
| colspan="2" |g
|-
!'''{{Alhi|j}}'''
|jou
|ɟ
|j
|-
!'''{{Alhi|h}}'''
|hei
|χ
|h
|-
!'''{{Alhi|o}}'''
|oka
| colspan="2" |o
|-
!'''{{Alhi|L}}'''
|ļei
|ɬ
|ļ, lh, ll
|-
!'''{{Alhi|y}}'''
|ıja
|ɨ
|ı
|}

Latest revision as of 18:56, 29 October 2024


Alhi, specifically Modern Alhi is an Alhic language that evolved from Classical Alhi. It is spoken primarily in Alloti and its overseas territories, with about 183 million native speakers, and about 200 million when including non-native speakers. Alhi was also once a language of high prestige in Cring, as in [placeholder date], Cring was controlled but not completely integrated into Alloti. Since then, Alhi slowly lost its presence in Cring.

Alhi is related to Kes, another Alhic language, spoken in central Alloti. Alhi's first texts can be traced back to [placeholder date], being written in Alhi's native script, Oulaj. Oulaj is still used to write Alhi today, and a variation of it is used to write Kes. Tova, another native language of Alloti (but unrelated to Alhi and Kes), was once written in Oulaj, but Tova's original script regained popular use and Oulaj's use to write Tova is purely historical.

As an Alhic language, around 95% of Alhi's modern vocabulary is derived from Classical Alhi, but the rest is from borrowings from Tova, Kes, Loremese, Cring, and other languages.

Name of the language and etymology

The only name that Alhi has is Alhi itself, but different pronunciations can be heard throughout Alloti. The etymology of the name is unknown but it is hypothesized to be related to the name of the country Alloti.

History of the language

Like other Alhic languages, Alhi evolved from Classical Alhi, originating in the north-west of Alloti. Due to expansion, Alhi eventually spread all across Alloti, before coming in contact with Tova. Many other native languages are hypothesized to have existed in the areas that were controlled by Alhi-speaking people, but no written records exist and their only remnants are loanwords with questionable etymologies.

The first documents written in Alhi can be traced back to [placeholder date], being an older form of Alhi.

Due to contact with speakers of Tova, much conflict had broken out between the two groups. The areas of conflict were subject to linguistic discrimination and many loanwords entered both languages. Still to this day, dialects of Alhi spoken near where Tova is the primary language have many Tova loanwords.

Alhi as a language did not phonologically change much from its predecessor as most of the changes were grammatical and semantic. An example of a sound shift is Classical Alhi's dental fricative set, /θ ð/ becoming stops, /t d/ ([t̪ d̪]).

Geographical distribution

Alhi is the primary language of Alloti and its overseas territories. It is estimated that Alhi has 70 million native speakers, making it the 2nd most spoken language by amount of native speakers. When including non-native speakers, Alhi has around 100 million, making it the 2nd most spoken language in the world. On the internet, Alhi is the [number]th most spoken language.

Alloti

Alhi is one of three official languages of Alloti, and it is the most spoken language in Alloti. It is taught in schools as a mandatory subject for the last three years of grade school, and is available in all colleges and universities in Alloti for learning and study. In the [century]s, Alhi was the only official language of Alloti, with usage of other languages being discouraged and often punished.

Ojanka

On Ojanka, a set of five islands controlled simultaneously by both Alloti and Mallia, Alhi is an official language. Most people on Ojanka speak both Alhi and Mallian, with road signs, other signs, and text being written in both Alhi and Mallian.

Sinovoz

Sinovoz, a large island located in the middle of the Bellic Sea is also a colony of Alloti. Alhi is an official language. The native language of Sinovoz, Piriň, has gained more and more use and now is the most spoken language on Sinovoz, but Alhi is still widely spoken and some areas on the island are still majority Alhi speaking. Signs and text are translated into both Piriň and Alhi, but many signs in only Piriň appear commonly in the capital of Sinovoz, Sinovoz-Ler.

Grammar

Alhi shares many grammatical features with its relative, Kes. Alhi is classified as a fusional language, marking multiple features of verbs, nouns, etc. with singular affixes. Nouns and adjectives exhibit two definitenesses (indefinite and definite), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, accusative, dative, locative, and comitative). Verbs exhibit four moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and interrogative), multiple tenses depending on the mood, two synthetic aspects (non-aspectual and habitual), and a periphrastic aspect (progressive). Verbs have multiple non-finite forms, having past, present, and future participles; gerunds; two types of agentives (non-human and human) and a verbal noun.

T-V Distinction

Alhi exhibits a T-V distinction, having familiar and formal forms of 2nd and 3rd person pronouns. Familiar forms are grammatically singular and formal forms are grammatically plural. Verbs conjugate to reflect this shift.

Mon vs. Ner

Mon is the familiar, informal 2nd person pronoun, it is grammatically singular and it is used when talking to someone who is younger than the user or if they are in a lower position than the user, such as in a job, or for people of equal age as the user. This contrasts with ner, which is grammatically plural, it is the more respectful of the two and it is used when referring to someone older than the user, or someone in a superior position than the user, or simply for respect.

Ei/Eis vs. Eil/Eisal

Just like mon and ner, Alhi also has a T-V distinction in the third person. The demonstratives ei and eis are used in the same way as mon, and they can refer to any person or thing. The demonstratives eil and eisal are plural, and are used like ner. All of these are proximal in their spatial deixis.

Ou, Oul, Oum, and Oulum

Ou, Oul, Oum, and Oulum are all distal demonstratives. Ou and oum mean 'that', oul and oulum mean 'those'. These are not used to refer to people/things in the subject or direct object of verbs, but only as the indirect object if the direct object is also in the 3rd person.

Pronouns

Alhi has a relatively simple set of pronouns, a notable feature is that Alhi only has two true persons in its set of pronouns, using demonstratives for the third person.

Personal pronouns

Pronoun table of Alhi
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Nominative ejo mon voi ner
Accusative ejın mıln vın nen
Dative ehus mos vis nies
Possessive ej mo vi na
Locative eji mi nas
Vocative mu! nuo!

Alhi has no vocative forms for the 1st person pronouns of either number. The possessive forms, ej, mo, vi, na behave more like suffixes, as they tack onto the ends of the nouns being possessed. If a noun has one adjective after it, it will also have the possessive affix, but if a noun has multiple adjectives after it, only the noun will have the affix. Thus, kouda-ej 'my family', kouda-ej ada-ej 'my big family', and kouda-ej ada col 'my big, good family'.

Demonstrative pronouns and third-person pronouns

Demonstrative table of Alhi
Spatial Deixis
Proximal Distal
Nominative Singular ei ou
Plural eil oul
Oblique Singular eis oum
Plural eisal oulum

These are the demonstratives in Alhi. They are used in place of third person pronouns and are also used for demonstratives normally. One could translate the demonstrative ei as 'this, they, he, she, it'. When demonstratives are used with a noun, the demonstrative will go before the noun. Thus, ou pilos 'that food'. The possessive form used to indicate 'his, her(s), their(s), its' is eis, and it also behaves like a suffix. E.g. kouda-eis 'their family'.

Nouns

Alhi nouns are declined for definiteness, number, and case. They are not marking separately, but marked together in a single affix. The base form of a noun is the indefinite, nominative, singular form, which has no marking. Nouns are sorted into three declensions, and they fit into one of them, depending on the last vowel of the noun. Nouns with /a/ as their final vowel are A-type, nouns with either /i/, /e/ or /ɨ/ as their final vowel are I-type, and nouns with either /u/, /o/, or /ɨ/ as their final vowel are U-type. A special instance is when a noun has its final vowel as /ɨ/, such as the word ıs 'god', these nouns are either I-type or U-type, and there is no pattern as to which declension they are, but most of them are I-type. However, different dialects will have different declensions for these types of nouns.

Declension of vas 'human', an A-type noun
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative vas vasal vasali vasei
Accusative vasa vasan vasel vasas
Dative vasar vasand vasay
Locative vasem vasel
Comitative vasor
Declension of udut 'child', a U-type noun
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative udut udutul udutuli udutau
Accusative udutu udutun udutuni udutos
Dative udutur udutund udutuy
Locative udutem udutel
Comitative udutor
Declension of ani 'woman', an I-type noun
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative ani anihil anihili anihai
Accusative anihi anihin anihini anihas
Dative anihir anihind anihiyi
Locative anihem anihel
Comitative anihor

Noun cases

The different noun cases perform different functions in nouns. This section will cover what each of them does individually.

The nominative case

The nominative case simply marks the subject of a verb, because Alhi has a canonical word order of Verb-Subject-Object, this is usually the second element in a basic sentence. For example, the sentence Daonta anihili eis 'The woman recieved it', the subject: anihili (ani), is in the nominative case.

The accusative case

The accusative case marks direct objects of a verb, this is usually the last element in a basic sentence. Using the example sentence from the section above, Daonta anihili eis 'The woman recieved it', the direct object: eis (ei), is marked in the accusative case. Also, it is important to know that in the indefinite singular for all nouns, the accusative and dative form is the same.

The dative case

The dative case marks indirect objects of a transitive verb or the argument of an intransitive verb, and in Alhi, indirect objects can be before or after the object in a transitive verb. Take for example, Tenav ejo eis miaha 'I gave it to a cat'. This is a transitive verb, and miaha (mia) is marked for the dative case. Another example with an intransitive verb is Ola ejo miaha 'I talked to a cat', the argument of the intransitive verb is marked in the dative.

The locative case

The locative case simply marks the location of a noun. It can also mark movement like an ablative. Number is not distinguished in this case, only definiteness is.

The comitative case

The comitative case marks accompaniment, as in 'with' a person, or instrumental usage like 'with' a knife. It corresponds to 'with'. This case has only one form across all definitenesses and numbers. It is derived from an affixation of the postposition lor 'with'.

Genitive constructions

The genitive in Alhi is formed with this construction: noun + [possessed object-eis]. For example, "your mom's food" would be ama-mo pilos-eis, this literally translates to "your mom her food".

Adjectives and adverbs (modifiers)

Adjectives in Alhi decline just like nouns to agree with them, they also have the three declensions that nouns do. Adverbs are not phonologically unique from adjectives, so they have the same form. Adjectives and adverbs always go after the word they modify.

Declension of ada 'big', an A-type adjective
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative ada adahal adahali adahei
Accusative adaha adahan adahel adahas
Dative adahar adahand adahay
Locative adahem adahel
Comitative adahor
Declension of lur 'green', a U-type adjective
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative lur lurul luruli lurau
Accusative luru lurun luruni luros
Dative lurur lurund luruy
Locative lurem lurel
Comitative luror
Declension of nist 'heavy', an I-type adjective
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative nist nistil nistili nistai
Accusative nisti nistin nistini nistas
Dative nistir nistind nistiyi
Locative nistem nistel
Comitative nistor

Positive, comparative, and superlative forms of adjectives

Adjectives in Alhi have three degrees of comparison, the default form of an adjective is the positive. Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives still decline for all of the forms that positive forms do. The comparative is formed by affixing -sei to the declined positive form. The superlative is formed the same way but with a prefix os-.

Positive declension of nist 'heavy'
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative nist nistil nistili nistai
Accusative nisti nistin nistini nistas
Dative nistir nistind nistiyi
Locative nistem nistel
Comitative nistor
Comparative declension of nist 'heavy'
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative nistsei nistilsei nistilisei nistaisei
Accusative nistisei nistinsei nistinisei nistasei
Dative nistirsei nistindsei nistiyisei
Locative nistemsei nistelsei
Comitative nistorsei

Note that nistasei is not supposed to be nistassei, as Alhi does not have geminates. Positive forms that end in a voiced obstruent, nasal, or approximant cause the /s/ in -sei to become voiced to [z]. These forms correspond to 'heavier'.

Superlative declension of nist 'heavy'
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative osnist osnistil osnistili osnistai
Accusative osnisti osnistin osnistini osnistas
Dative osnistir osnistind osnistiyi
Locative osnistem osnistel
Comitative osnistor

Special forms of the indefinite nominative plural

Many nouns and adjectives in Alhi end in il, ul, or al. When these nouns are declined, this causes those endings to be repeated twice, but different endings are employed to prevent this.

Affixes to avoid repitition
Ending of noun Indefinite nominative plural affix
-al -il
-ul
-il -al

For example, the word dujul 'piece, Allotian currency' would be dujulul if this paradigm did not exist, but the actual form is dujulil.

Postpositions

Postpositions, as stated in the name, generally go after nouns. The only time they do not go after nouns is if they have an adjective modifying them, in that situation they will go before the noun.

List of postpositions
Word in Alhi Translation
ler in, on
lor with, amongst
daja against
te without
o at
ede of

Compounding

In Alhi, the rules of compounding are not completely known as compounding is sometimes optional, chaotic, and hard to define. But, the Icujajalhi 'Academy of Alhi' has defined these rules / tendencies:

  • Compounding can occur between any part of speech.
  • Terms that would generally require an ede 'of' no longer require it in a compound.
  • The part of speech of the final unit in a compound generally defines the part of the speech of the compound as a whole.
  • The order of noun-adjective must be respected in compounds.
  • Compounds can technically be infinitely long.
  • In a compound, if two words collide and the ends have vowels (...V1#-#V2...), the second vowel replaces the first vowel.
    • Example: Icujajalhi, formed from ic 'teach' + -uja 'place of...' + -ajo 'augmentative suffix' + Alhi 'Alhi', the o in -ajo is replaced with the a in Alhi.
    • This rule is a mild tendency as many dialects do place an epenthetic /χ/ like in non-compounds.

Verbs

Verbs in Alhi are the most inflecting part of speech in the language, as they conjugate for multiple moods, aspects, tenses, they also have multiple compound (periphrastic) tenses. All verbs have one singular way of conjugation with minor alterations for ease of pronunciation.

The tenses that exist in Alhi verbs are: the present, the future, the near past, and the future past. This 4-way distinction only exists in indicative mood of the non-aspectual aspect & progressive aspect. Most other moods only distinguish present, future, and past.

The non-aspectual aspect

The 'non-aspectual' aspect in Alhi verbs corresponds to actions that are perfective in nature, not perfect, as that is another aspect on its own.

The indicative mood

The indicative mood in Alhi is used to convey real information, statements, or facts.

The present

The present tense in the indicative mood corresponds to actions that occur in the 'now'.

  • Vo colu. — I am good. (The copula, vulun, is the only verb to not require a subject pronoun.)
  • Daon ei heitiri. — She recieves a sword.
  • Keleu eil heilor. — They play amongst themselves.
Present indicative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kela 'I play' kelau 'We play'
Second person kelo 'You play' kelu 'You play (plural)'
Third person kel 'He, she, they, it plays' keleu 'They play (plural)'

Verbs in the third person present indicative non-aspectual are the same as the stem of the verb (infinitive-less verb).

The future

The future tense in the indicative mood corresponds to actions that occur in the future or 'later'. Unlike the past tense, this future tense corresponds to any action that will occur in any amount of time in the future. In Classical Alhi, there was distinct near future and far future tense but this system eventually collapsed to one singular future tense.

  • Vos lozkuliz. — I will be a husband.
  • Ojelf ei. — She will change.
  • Edosam eil oum. — They will throw it.
Future indicative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kelav 'I will play' kelan 'We will play'
Second person kelo 'You will play' keln 'You will play (plural)'
Third person kelf 'He, she, they, it will play' kelam 'They will play (plural)'
The near (proximal) past

As is stated in the name, the near past is used to refer to actions that have recently occured. The window of 'recency' is relative to the time frame, if established, in the conversation. For example, if one was talking about actions that occured last week, then actions that occured yesterday or two days ago would be in the near past. If an action has 'just' occured, then the verb will always be conjugated for the near past.

  • Julat ejo. — I just ate.
  • Ridut fojalhulasez eis. — We recently bought a car for him.
Near past indicative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kelat 'I recently played' kelut 'We recently played'
Second person kelok 'You recently played' kelota 'You recently played (plural)'
Third person kelta 'He, she, they, it recently played' kelt 'They recently played (plural)'
The far (distal) past

The distal past refers to actions that occured 'a long time ago'. Just like the proximal past, this window of 'long time ago' is dependant on the established time frame. If no time frame has been established, then verbs will be conjugated for this tense, except for if the action had 'just' occured.

  • Seija on. — He was sleeping.
  • Magec ei oum kouhu o. — He left (a while ago) it at the door.
Far past indicative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kela 'I played' kela 'We played'
Second person keli 'You played' keloca 'You played (plural)'
Third person kelec 'He, she, they, it played' kelna 'They played (plural)'
The subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood in Alhi is used to convey doubt, feelings, wishes, opinions, suggestions, etc. It can also be used for impersonal statements like Hido colu... 'It is good...'. Some usages of the subjunctive may involve a relative clause, such as Mo kelei mon, hido tusu. "It is bad that you wouldn't play." The subjunctive mood in the non-aspectual aspect distinguishes only three tenses: past, present, and future.

The present
Present subjunctive forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kelou 'I play' keloul 'We play'
Second person kelei 'You play' keleil 'You play (plural)'
Third person kelai 'He, she, they, it play' kelail 'They play (plural)'
The future
Future subjunctive forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person keluna 'I will play' kelin 'We will play'
Second person kelona 'You will play' kelul 'You will play (plural)'
Third person kelon 'He, she, they, it will play' kelana 'They will play (plural)'
The past
Past subjunctive forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kelka 'I played' kelni 'We played'
Second person kelci 'You played' kelkou 'You played (plural)'
Third person kelaja 'He, she, they, it played' kelno 'They played (plural)'
The imperative mood

The imperative mood is used mostly used to convey commands or orders, but sometimes it is used to used to convey an optative. The imperative mood has two distinctions, regular and polite, these distinctions correspond to a T-V system, where regular is the "T" (mon, ei) and polite is the "V" (ner, eil). The optative is restricted to the polite distinction. There are no 1st-person imperatives, only 2nd and 3rd-person imperatives. Third-person regular imperatives have the sense of a jussive.

The regular imperative

The regular imperative is used to convey commands and orders with a sense of informality. It is used when one wishes to order someone that would be addressed with mon.

Regular imperative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
Second person kel 'Play!' kelou 'Play! (plural)'
Third person keli 'Let him, her, them, it play!' kela 'Let them play! (plural)'
The polite imperative

The polite imperative is used to convey commands with a sense of formality, often to people who would be addressed with ner or simply out of respect. There is also an optative sense in this distinction of the imperative.

Polite imperative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
Second person kelul 'Play!' kelou 'Play! (plural)'
Third person kelil 'May he, she, they, it play' kele 'May they play (plural)'
The interrogative mood

The interrogative mood is used to form questions, like the subjunctive mood. It also only distinguishes the present, past, and future tenses in the non-aspectual aspect. Interrogative statements may be optionally accompanied by a clause-final particle il.

The present
Present interrogative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kelop 'I play?' kelıs 'We play?'
Second person kelosa 'You play?' kelaı 'You play? (plural)'
Third person kelosa 'He, she, they, it play?' keloi 'They play? (plural)'
The future
Future interrogative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person keler 'I play' kelar 'We play'
Second person keloa 'You play' keloa 'You play (plural)'
Third person keluı 'He, she, they, it play' keluı 'They play (plural)'
The past
Past interrogative forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kelaz 'I play' kelaz 'We play'
Second person kelaz 'You play' kelaz 'You play (plural)'
Third person kelonto 'He, she, they, it play' kelıt 'They play (plural)'

The habitual aspect

The habitual aspect in Alhi is the second of the two synthetic aspects in Alhi. It is used to describe permanent or long-lasting states of being and actions that occur habitually or repeatedly. The habitual aspect distinguishes less moods and tenses than the non-aspectual, as it only has an indicative - in which the present and past tenses are distinguished - and a subjunctive with no tense distinctions. All of the forms of the habitual are formed with an e(h)- prefix.

The indicative mood

The indicative mood in the habitual aspect is considered the default and most simple, as it is used for real statements. This mood in the habitual aspect distinguishes two tenses, present and past.

The present

The present indicative habitual is used to describe on-going or current habitual actions and states. The forms for this are derived from the non-aspectual indicative present forms.

  • Ejul ei ilikin. — He eats a lot of pancakes.
Present indicative habitual forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person ekela 'I play habitually' ekelau 'We play habitually'
Second person ekelo 'You play habitually' ekelu 'You play habitually (plural)'
Third person ekel 'He, she, they, it plays habitually' ekeleu 'They play habitually (plural)'
The past

The past indicative habitual is used to describe habitual actions / states that happened in the past, corresponding to "used to". The forms for this are derived from the non-aspectual indicative near past forms.

  • Ejulta ei ilikin. — He used to eat pancakes.
Past indicative habitual forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person ekelat 'I used to play' ekelut 'We used to play'
Second person ekelok 'You used to play' ekelota 'You used to play (plural)'
Third person ekelta 'He, she, they, it used to play' ekelt 'They used to play (plural)'
The subjunctive mood

The subjunctive in the habitual is used to indicate doubt, suggestions, wishes, feelings, and other irrealis concepts that were, are, or will be habitually occuring. The forms are derived from the non-aspectual subjunctive present forms.

  • Ejulai ei ilikin. — He should eat a lot of pancakes.
Subjunctive habitual forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person ekelou 'I play habitually' ekeloul 'We play habitually'
Second person ekelei 'You play habitually' ekeleil 'You play habitually (plural)'
Third person ekelai 'He, she, they, it play habitually' ekelail 'They play habitually (plural)'

The perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in Alhi is one of many periphrastic verbal forms. It is formed with the construction of infinitive form of verb + non-aspectual indicative far-past conjugation of vulun. It corresponds to "have [verb]-ed/-en".

  • Edosun souj oum! — I have thrown that!
Perfect aspect forms of kelun 'to play'
Singular Plural
First person kelun souj 'I have played' kelun soj 'We have played'
Second person kelun suj 'You have played' kelun suj 'You have played (plural)'
Third person kelun seija 'He, she, they, it have played' kelun seca 'They have played (plural)'

The progressive aspect

The progressive aspect corresponds to actions that are ongoing. It is formed with the construction of stem of verb (verb without its infinitive) + conjugated form of vulun. Due to vulun being able to be conjugated for any form in this aspect, the progressive takes on all of the forms of a verb. This aspect does not require a subject pronoun.

  • Jul vo. — I am eating.

Other periphrastic aspects

Many other aspects in Alhi are formed with adverbs. This is a non-exhaustive list with constructions.

  • The iterative aspect, formed with the construction of conjugated form of verb + lakas 'again'. This conveys a singular repetition of an action.
  • [placeholder]

Other verbal forms

Alhi has many different verbal forms that aren't tense, aspect, or mood. This section covers most of them.

The causative

The causative denotes an action that indicates the subject causing someone to do something. The forms of the causative are derived from a verb, usun 'to force'. The stem of the verb, us, was erased over constant usage and due to the construction of the causative being infinitive of verb + conjugated form of usun, the construction is now infinitive of verb + affix of conjugated form, for example: Juluna ejo eis. 'I made it eat'.

The reflexive

The reflexive denotes the subject and direct object of a verb being the same, it is indicated with a post-verbal particle hei, corresponding to 'oneself'. For example: Fojostaba hei. 'I showered myself'. The reflexive makes the requirement of a subject pronoun optional, and it is up to the speaker if they wish to include a subject pronoun.

There are some verbs that when reflexive, change in meaning, but this are limited and dated. One example is sedun hei 'to interpret', derived from sedun 'to read'.

The passive voice

Alhi has a second voice in its verbs. All of the forms above have been in the active voice, which is the default unmarked one. Generally, the passive voice is marked with an a(h)- prefix, but this doesn't occur for all forms. In the passive habitual, instead of the marking being a(h)e(h)-, it simply becomes u(h)-. The passive voice also changes the word order of a sentence. In the active voice, the canonical word order is VSO, but in the passive, it becomes VOS.

  • Eca ejo eis. — I saw it.
  • Ecec ejın ei — It was seen by me.

Phonology

The phonological system of Alhi is derived from Classical Alhi. Unlike Kes, Alhi is phonologically conservative in its shifts, preserving much of its phonological system. A notable phonological feature of Alhi that is of interest to foreign linguists is the presence of a lateral fricative, /ɬ/, and palatal stops, /c ɟ/. This section will cover the phonological system of Modern Standard Solau-Ler Alhi (MSSLA), but will talk about dialectal variation.

Consonants

Alhi has 20 consonants. More than half are labial or alveolar, with there being only six non-labial/alveolar consonants. The table will have the romanizations of certain phonemes next to them.

Consonant table of Modern Standard Solau-Ler Alhi
Labial Alveolar Palatal Uvulovelar
Central Lateral
Nasal m n
Plosive +V p t c k
-V b d ɟ j g
Fricative +V f s ɬ lh, ll, ļ χ h
-V v z
Approximant ʋ w l j y
Rhotic r

Consonant clusters

The rules of consonant clusters, like the rules of compounding, are not clearly defined, but the Icujajalhi has noted some tendencies.

  • Obstruent clusters will likely be of matching voicings.
  • Consonant clusters are somewhat uncommon.
  • Many consonant clusters are /s/ + C or the reverse.

Vowels

Alhi has 6 vowels, with only 1 central vowel.

Vowels of MSSLA
Front Central Back
High i ɨ ı u
Mid e o
Low a

Diphthongs and triphthongs

Alhi has a few true diphthongs and one triphthong. The diphthongs are /ei/, /ou/, /au/, /eu/. The singular triphthong is /eia/, but many dialects also have /oua/ (MSSLA interprets that as /ouχa/). Many other diphthongs can exist (like /oi/) but these can only exist in words and not from the result of a word plus an affix. An epenthetic /χ/ is inserted to prevent vowel hiatus at the edges of words/affixes.

Vowel hiatus

Vowel hiatus in Alhi is prevented by the insertion of /χ/ between the vowels. The prevention of vowel hiatus occurs when an suffix that begins with a vowel tries to attach onto a word that ends in a vowel, these word-suffix vowel sequences aren't allowed in Alhi phonology and must have a /χ/ inserted between them. (This also applies to prefixes that end in a vowel and if the prefixed word begins in a vowel). Vowel hiatus can also occur in compounds when vowels touch, but this is dialectal.

Orthography

Alhi has had its own writing system called Oulaj for many centuries, and it is the most used writing system in Alloti, and has continuous usage in the joint colony of Ojanka (Bassau). Oulaj is an alphabet with a total of 24 letters, 6 being vowel glyphs, and 18 being consonant glyphs. There are also basic punctuation marks for quotations and parentheses, commas, and periods. There are also 10 number glyphs for 0-9.

The basic font, natively known as Alhiremlor 'Clean Alhi' is installed on all computers in Alloti by default.

Table of letters

All letters in Alhi
Glyph Letter name IPA Rom
i ilu i, j i, y
m mei m
p pei p
b bou b
f fei f
v vou v, ʋ v, w
e ecu e
n nei n
t tei t
d dou d
s sei s
z zou z
a amu a
r rei r
l lei l
u usul u
c cei c
k kei k
g gou g
j jou ɟ j
h hei χ h
o oka o
L ļei ɬ ļ, lh, ll
y ıja ɨ ı
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