Library of Turku - User contributions [en]

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-08-07T02:04:25Z

Kazimir:

''''Gbhr Hnvki''' (born 19 August 1944) is a Kzmr singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He is best known as an actor for his various roles in the [[Inforadio Srn Heusikin]] series, and as a musician for his debut single, [TBD]. He has also been the narrator of the reality show [['Ttrhhmšdi Tthghnu]] (''Strangers to Lovers''), as well as its spinoffs, since 2015.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Hnvki was born in [[Brtmu]], [[Kzmr]] to a [[Baphia|Baphian]] father and Kzmr mother. At age 12, he joined the choir of the [[First Treveist Temple (Brtmu)|First Treveist Temple]] in Brtmu, and began taking [[kdtk'i]] lessons shortly afterwards. In 1960, he started teaching himself guitar, inspired by his fondness for the music of [TBA] and [pronoun TBA] backing band [TBA], and one year later he became the rhythm guitarist of a local [[w:Skiffle|skiffle]] band known as [[Przuhhcš]] (''The Firewalkers'', not to be confused with the Baphian rock band [translation] with the same translation).

=== Career beginnings ===

Hnvki joined the classical chamber ensemble [[Classical/Instrumental Association]] (CIA) as a kdtkš'i in 1963. In 1965, he came to [[Srn]] with CIA, where the ensemble performed gigs in various [[w:Ballroom|ballrooms]] in the city. Shortly after the CIA tour concluded and he returned to Brtmu, he found his first acting job at a [[w:Repertory theater|repertory theater]] in the city, where he spent eight months (including major roles in adaptations of the [[four great Baphian novels]]). After this, he spent the next several years in between various theatre companies across Kzmr, including two years at the [[Ele Theater (Hbmu)|Ele Theater]] in [[Hbmu]] starting in 1968. There, he met [[Mvrtu 'Knhršhsku]], himself a playwright, director, actor, and composer. The two became long-term collaborators, persisting even after Hnvki left the Ele Theater.

In 1973, Hnvki played the role of pop singer Tmry Ptmuhvmk in [[Þhkusdm Šfk]]'s thriller play ''Murder à la Carte'' (later retitled as ''[[The Jackpot (play)|The Jackpot]]''). Šfk had written lyrics for a [[w:Diegesis|diegetic]] song in the play and enlisted Hnvki to create an original melody for them. Impressed by the results, Šfk sent a tape of the song to various record labels, of which [TBD] was the first to express interest. A representative of the label requested Hnvki audition using fully original tunes, motivating him to write several songs including the one which would become his first and to this day best-selling single, "[[Shnkhshi (song)|Shnkhshi]]".

=== The Trilogy era ===

After signing with [TBD], "Shnkhshi" was released as a single with the B-side "Hbsdnv Sþtku" in 1974, with a follow-up single consisting of "[[Trrx Kmz']]" and "Ffxzfrb" a few months later. In 1974, these four songs, along with nine entirely new others, were released on Hnvki's debut album ''[[Shnkhshi (album)|Shnkhshi]]''. The album versions of the single tracks have a far more maximalist instrumentation with arrangements by [TBD], another collaborator whom Hnvki met through the theatre industry. At the time, the album saw moderate success, with the single "Shnkhshi" reaching a peak of #22 in the [TBD] chart.

Hnvki's careers in music and acting were heavily intertwined during the era of his first three albums, with ''Shnkhshi'' including two songs ("PumjeTata" and "PumjeTata Tkrti") co-written with 'Knhršhsku for the surrealist cabaret show of the same name as the former. This show also contained the prototype of "[['Dkdn (song)|'Dkdn]]", which would go on to become the title track for [['Dkdn (album)|another album]] in 1975. The album version of this song, featuring several guests from the acting world including [TBD], [TBD], and [TBD], was later released as a single alongside "Xþ Skbb'u" to critical acclaim, peaking at #5 in the [TBD] chart. The quasi-operatic style of "'Dkdn", rapidly switching between pastiches of various genres, has drawn comparisons to [TBD]'s "One Night in Řhæžrthil" and [TBD]'s "[[Ihoshari Rhapsody]]", both released in the same year, though the order of influences if any remains unclear. The album also contained some songs originally written for the Ele Theater production ''Dr. Kžriphmki's Music-Film''.

The third and final album of what became known as the Trilogy was [[Þ'/X']], released in 1976. Despite its lack of associated singles, it became the best-selling of the Trilogy albums, which Hnvki later attributed to the increasing strength of his working relationship with 'Knhršhsku and [TBD], as well as to the now-iconic cover art designed by [record label] based on the painting [[Not to Be Reproduced]] by [[Warchə Margreussə]]. Though less deeply connected to Hnvki's acting career than the previous two albums, the track "Supsi roi Hevolgrabloi" is a setting of lyrics from [[Hroudo Hreudo Heusikin]]'s ''[[Ra Deukla kue Ra Grablia]]'', and the cover of [TBD]'s [TBD] was originally intended to be a bonus track on the cast recording of [[Hiue Pešte Hiue Eisa Hmetua]].

== Discography ==

=== Solo ===

=== With Przuhhcš ===

Main article: [[Przuhhcš#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* [[Together Again]] (1993)
* [[Last Train to Saransi]] (1996)
* [[Live at the Drunken Sparrow]] (2006)

==== EPs ====

* [[Ballads (Przuhhcš album)|Ballads]] (1962)

==== Compilations ====

* [[The 'Gbhr Hnvki Collection, Vol. 1]] (1997) contains remasters of various reel-to-reel tape recordings of Przuhhcš between 1961 and 1964.

=== With Classical/Instrumental Association ===

Main article: [[Classical/Instrumental Association#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* Popular Ballroom Classics (1965)
* [composer]: The Complete [waltz equivalent]s (1966)

==== EPs ====

* Music of [composer] (1963)

=== Cast recordings ===

* [[Hiue Pešte Hiue Eisa Hmetua]] (1976)

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-08-05T01:38:47Z

Kazimir:

''''Gbhr Hnvki''' (born 19 August 1944) is Kzmr singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He is best known as an actor for his various roles in the [[Inforadio Srn Heusikin]] series, and as a musician for his debut single, [TBD]. He has also been the narrator of the reality show [['Ttrhhmšdi Tthghnu]] (''Strangers to Lovers''), as well as its spinoffs, since 2015.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Hnvki was born in [[Brtmu]], [[Kzmr]] to a [[Baphia|Baphian]] father and Kzmr mother. At age 12, he joined the choir of the [[First Treveist Temple (Brtmu)|First Treveist Temple]] in Brtmu, and began taking [[kdtk'i]] lessons shortly afterwards. In 1960, he started teaching himself guitar, inspired by his fondness for the music of [TBA] and [pronoun TBA] backing band [TBA], and one year later he became the rhythm guitarist of a local [[w:Skiffle|skiffle]] band known as [[Przuhhcš]] (''The Firewalkers'', not to be confused with the Baphian rock band [translation] with the same translation).

=== Career beginnings ===

Hnvki joined the classical chamber ensemble [[Classical/Instrumental Association]] (CIA) as a kdtkš'i in 1963. In 1965, he came to [[Srn]] with CIA, where the ensemble performed gigs in various [[w:Ballroom|ballrooms]] in the city. Shortly after the CIA tour concluded and he returned to Brtmu, he found his first acting job at a [[w:Repertory theater|repertory theater]] in the city, where he spent eight months (including major roles in adaptations of the [[four great Baphian novels]]). After this, he spent the next several years in between various theatre companies across Kzmr, including two years at the [[Ele Theater (Hbmu)|Ele Theater]] in [[Hbmu]] starting in 1968. There, he met [[Mvrtu 'Knhršhsku]], himself a playwright, director, actor, and composer. The two became long-term collaborators, persisting even after Hnvki left the Ele Theater.

In 1973, Hnvki played the role of pop singer Tmry Ptmuhvmk in [[Þhkusdm Šfk]]'s thriller play ''Murder à la Carte'' (later retitled as ''[[The Jackpot (play)|The Jackpot]]''). Šfk had written lyrics for a [[w:Diegesis|diegetic]] song in the play and enlisted Hnvki to create an original melody for them. Impressed by the results, Šfk sent a tape of the song to various record labels, of which [TBD] was the first to express interest. A representative of the label requested Hnvki audition using fully original tunes, motivating him to write several songs including the one which would become his first and to this day best-selling single, "[[Shnkhshi (song)|Shnkhshi]]".

=== The Trilogy era ===

After signing with [TBD], "Shnkhshi" was released as a single with the B-side "Hbsdnv Sþtku" in 1974, with a follow-up single consisting of "[[Trrx Kmz']]" and "Ffxzfrb" a few months later. In 1974, these four songs, along with nine entirely new others, were released on Hnvki's debut album ''[[Shnkhshi (album)|Shnkhshi]]''. The album versions of the single tracks have a far more maximalist instrumentation with arrangements by [TBD], another collaborator whom Hnvki met through the theatre industry. At the time, the album saw moderate success, with the single "Shnkhshi" reaching a peak of #22 in the [TBD] chart.

Hnvki's careers in music and acting were heavily intertwined during the era of his first three albums, with ''Shnkhshi'' including two songs ("PumjeTata" and "PumjeTata Tkrti") co-written with 'Knhršhsku for the surrealist cabaret show of the same name as the former. This show also contained the prototype of "[['Dkdn (song)|'Dkdn]]", which would go on to become the title track for [['Dkdn (album)|another album]] in 1975. The album version of this song, featuring several guests from the acting world including [TBD], [TBD], and [TBD], was later released as a single alongside "Xþ Skbb'u" to critical acclaim, peaking at #5 in the [TBD] chart. The quasi-operatic style of "'Dkdn", rapidly switching between pastiches of various genres, has drawn comparisons to [TBD]'s "One Night in Řhæžrthil" and [TBD]'s "[[Ihoshari Rhapsody]]", both released in the same year, though the order of influences if any remains unclear. The album also contained some songs originally written for the Ele Theater production ''Dr. Kžriphmki's Music-Film''.

The third and final album of what became known as the Trilogy was [[Þ'/X']], released in 1976. Despite its lack of associated singles, it became the best-selling of the Trilogy albums, which Hnvki later attributed to the increasing strength of his working relationship with 'Knhršhsku and [TBD], as well as to the now-iconic cover art designed by [record label] based on the painting [[Not to Be Reproduced]] by [[Warchə Margreussə]]. Though less deeply connected to Hnvki's acting career than the previous two albums, the track "Supsi roi Hevolgrabloi" is a setting of lyrics from [[Hroudo Hreudo Heusikin]]'s ''[[Ra Deukla kue Ra Grablia]]'', and the cover of [TBD]'s [TBD] was originally intended to be a bonus track on the cast recording of [[Hiue Pešte Hiue Eisa Hmetua]].

== Discography ==

=== Solo ===

=== With Przuhhcš ===

Main article: [[Przuhhcš#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* [[Together Again]] (1993)
* [[Last Train to Saransi]] (1996)
* [[Live at the Drunken Sparrow]] (2006)

==== EPs ====

* [[Ballads (Przuhhcš album)|Ballads]] (1962)

==== Compilations ====

* [[The 'Gbhr Hnvki Collection, Vol. 1]] (1997) contains remasters of various reel-to-reel tape recordings of Przuhhcš between 1961 and 1964.

=== With Classical/Instrumental Association ===

Main article: [[Classical/Instrumental Association#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* Popular Ballroom Classics (1965)
* [composer]: The Complete [waltz equivalent]s (1966)

==== EPs ====

* Music of [composer] (1963)

=== Cast recordings ===

* [[Hiue Pešte Hiue Eisa Hmetua]] (1976)

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-08-03T00:54:07Z

Kazimir:

''''Gbhr Hnvki''' (born 19 August 1944) is Kzmr singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He is best known as an actor for his various roles in the [[Inforadio Srn Heusikin]] series, and as a musician for his debut single, [TBD]. He has also been the narrator of the reality show [['Ttrhhmšdi Tthghnu]] (''Strangers to Lovers''), as well as its spinoffs, since 2015.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Hnvki was born in [[Brtmu]], [[Kzmr]] to a [[Baphia|Baphian]] father and Kzmr mother. At age 12, he joined the choir of the [[First Treveist Temple (Brtmu)|First Treveist Temple]] in Brtmu, and began taking [[kdtk'i]] lessons shortly afterwards. In 1960, he started teaching himself guitar, inspired by his fondness for the music of [TBA] and [pronoun TBA] backing band [TBA], and one year later he became the rhythm guitarist of a local [[w:Skiffle|skiffle]] band known as [[Przuhhcš]] (''The Firewalkers'', not to be confused with the Baphian rock band [translation] with the same translation).

=== Career beginnings ===

Hnvki joined the classical chamber ensemble [[Classical/Instrumental Association]] (CIA) as a kdtkš'i in 1963. In 1965, he came to [[Srn]] with CIA, where the ensemble performed gigs in various [[w:Ballroom|ballrooms]] in the city. Shortly after the CIA tour concluded and he returned to Brtmu, he found his first acting job at a [[w:Repertory theater|repertory theater]] in the city, where he spent eight months (including major roles in adaptations of the [[four great Baphian novels]]). After this, he spent the next several years in between various theatre companies across Kzmr, including two years at the [[Ele Theater (Hbmu)|Ele Theater]] in [[Hbmu]] starting in 1968. There, he met [[Mvrtu 'Knhršhsku]], himself a playwright, director, actor, and composer. The two became long-term collaborators, persisting even after Hnvki left the Ele Theater.

In 1973, Hnvki played the role of pop singer Tmry Ptmuhvmk in [[Þhkusdm Šfk]]'s thriller play ''Murder à la Carte'' (later retitled as ''[[The Jackpot (play)|The Jackpot]]''). Šfk had written lyrics for a [[w:Diegesis|diegetic]] song in the play and enlisted Hnvki to create an original melody for them. Impressed by the results, Šfk sent a tape of the song to various record labels, of which [TBD] was the first to express interest. A representative of the label requested Hnvki audition using fully original tunes, motivating him to write several songs including the one which would become his first and to this day best-selling single, "[[Shnkhshi (song)|Shnkhshi]]".

=== The Trilogy era ===

After signing with [TBD], "Shnkhshi" was released as a single with the B-side "Hbsdnv Sþtku" in 1974, with a follow-up single consisting of "[[Trrx Kmz']]" and "Ffxzfrb" a few months later. In 1974, these four songs, along with nine entirely new others, were released on Hnvki's debut album ''[[Shnkhshi (album)|Shnkhshi]]''. The album versions of the single tracks have a far more maximalist instrumentation with arrangements by [TBD], another collaborator whom Hnvki met through the theatre industry. At the time, the album saw moderate success, with the single "Shnkhshi" reaching a peak of #22 in the [TBD] chart.

Hnvki's careers in music and acting were heavily intertwined during the era of his first three albums, with ''Shnkhshi'' including two songs ("PumjeTata" and "PumjeTata Tkrti") co-written with 'Knhršhsku for the surrealist cabaret show of the same name as the former. This show also contained the prototype of "[['Dkdn (song)|'Dkdn]]", which would go on to become the title track for [['Dkdn (album)|another album]] in 1975. The album version of this song, featuring several guests from the acting world including [TBD], [TBD], and [TBD], was later released as a single alongside "Xþ Skbb'u" to critical acclaim, peaking at #5 in the [TBD] chart. The quasi-operatic style of "'Dkdn", rapidly switching between pastiches of various genres, has drawn comparisons to [TBD]'s "One Night in Řhæžrthil" and [TBD]'s "[[Ihoshari Rhapsody]]", both released in the same year, though the order of influences if any remains unclear. The album also contained some songs originally written for the Ele Theater production ''Dr. Kžriphmki's Music-Film''.

The third and final album of what became known as the Trilogy was [[Þ'/X']], released in 1976. Despite its lack of associated singles, it became the best-selling of the Trilogy albums, which Hnvki later attributed to the increasing strength of his working relationship with 'Knhršhsku and [TBD], as well as to the now-iconic cover art designed by [record label] based on the painting [[Not to Be Reproduced]] by [[Warchə Margreussə]]. Though less deeply connected to Hnvki's acting career than the previous two albums, the track "[TBD]" is a setting of lyrics from [[Hroudo Hreudo Heusikin]]'s ''[TBD]'', and the cover of [TBD]'s [TBD] was originally intended to be a bonus track on the cast recording of [[Flights of Angels]].

== Discography ==

=== Solo ===

=== With Przuhhcš ===

Main article: [[Przuhhcš#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* [[Together Again]] (1993)
* [[Last Train to Saransi]] (1996)
* [[Live at the Drunken Sparrow]] (2006)

==== EPs ====

* [[Ballads (Przuhhcš album)|Ballads]] (1962)

==== Compilations ====

* [[The 'Gbhr Hnvki Collection, Vol. 1]] (1997) contains remasters of various reel-to-reel tape recordings of Przuhhcš between 1961 and 1964.

=== With Classical/Instrumental Association ===

Main article: [[Classical/Instrumental Association#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* Popular Ballroom Classics (1965)
* [composer]: The Complete [waltz equivalent]s (1966)

==== EPs ====

* Music of [composer] (1963)

=== Cast recordings ===

* [[Flights of Angels]] (1976)

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-08-02T20:21:13Z

Kazimir:

''''Gbhr Hnvki''' (born 19 August 1944) is Kzmr singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He is best known as an actor for his various roles in the [[Inforadio Srn Heusikin]] series, and as a musician for his debut single, [TBD]. He has also been the narrator of the reality show [['Ttrhhmšdi Tthghnu]] (''Strangers to Lovers''), as well as its spinoffs, since 2015.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Hnvki was born in [[Brtmu]], [[Kzmr]] to a [[Baphia|Baphian]] father and Kzmr mother. At age 12, he joined the choir of the [[First Treveist Temple (Brtmu)|First Treveist Temple]] in Brtmu, and began taking [[kdtk'i]] lessons shortly afterwards. In 1960, he started teaching himself guitar, inspired by his fondness for the music of [TBA] and [pronoun TBA] backing band [TBA], and one year later he became the rhythm guitarist of a local [[w:Skiffle|skiffle]] band known as [[Przuhhcš]] (''The Firewalkers'', not to be confused with the Baphian rock band [translation] with the same translation).

=== Career beginnings ===

Hnvki joined the classical chamber ensemble [[Classical/Instrumental Association]] (CIA) as a kdtkš'i in 1963. In 1965, he came to [[Srn]] with CIA, where the ensemble performed gigs in various [[w:Ballroom|ballrooms]] in the city. Shortly after the CIA tour concluded and he returned to Brtmu, he found his first acting job at a [[w:Repertory theater|repertory theater]] in the city, where he spent eight months (including major roles in adaptations of the [[four great Baphian novels]]). After this, he spent the next several years in between various theatre companies across Kzmr, including two years at the [[Ele Theater (Hbmu)|Ele Theater]] in [[Hbmu]] starting in 1968. There, he met [[Mvrtu 'Knhršhsku]], himself a playwright, director, actor, and composer. The two became long-term collaborators, persisting even after Hnvki left the Ele Theater.

In 1973, Hnvki played the role of pop singer Tmry Ptmuhvmk in [[Þhkusdm Šfk]]'s thriller play ''Murder à la Carte'' (later retitled as ''[[The Jackpot (play)|The Jackpot]]''). Šfk had written lyrics for a [[w:Diegesis|diegetic]] song in the play and enlisted Hnvki to create an original melody for them. Impressed by the results, Šfk sent a tape of the song to various record labels, of which [TBD] was the first to express interest. A representative of the label requested Hnvki audition using fully original tunes, motivating him to write several songs including the one which would become his first and to this day best-selling single, "[[Shnkhshi (song)|Shnkhshi]]".

=== The Trilogy era ===

After signing with [TBD], "Shnkhshi" was released as a single with the B-side "Hbsdnv Sþtku" in 1974, with a follow-up single consisting of "[[Trrx Kmz']]" and "Ffxzfrb" a few months later. In 1974, these four songs, along with nine entirely new others, were released on Hnvki's debut album ''[[Shnkhshi (album)|Shnkhshi]]''. The album versions of the single tracks have a far more maximalist instrumentation with arrangements by [TBD], another collaborator whom Hnvki met through the theatre industry. At the time, the album saw moderate success, with the single "Shnkhshi" reaching a peak of #22 in the [TBD] chart.

Hnvki's careers in music and acting were heavily intertwined during the era of his first three albums, with ''Shnkhshi'' including two songs ("[TBD]" and "[TBD] Tkrti") co-written with 'Knhršhsku for the surrealist cabaret show of the same name as the former. This show also contained the prototype of "[['Dkdn (song)|'Dkdn]]", which would go on to become the title track for [['Dkdn (album)|another album]] in 1975. The album version of this song, featuring several guests from the acting world including [TBD], [TBD], and [TBD], was later released as a single alongside "Xþ Skbb'u" to critical acclaim, peaking at #5 in the [TBD] chart. The quasi-operatic style of "'Dkdn", rapidly switching between pastiches of various genres, has drawn comparisons to [TBD]'s "One Night in Řhæžrthil" and [TBD]'s "[[Ihoshari Rhapsody]]", both released in the same year, though the order of influences if any remains unclear. The album also contained some songs originally written for the Ele Theater production ''Dr. Kžriphmki's Music-Film''.

The third and final album of what became known as the Trilogy was [[Þ'/X']], released in 1976. Despite its lack of associated singles, it became the best-selling of the Trilogy albums, which Hnvki later attributed to the increasing strength of his working relationship with 'Knhršhsku and [TBD], as well as to the now-iconic cover art designed by [record label] based on the painting [[Not to Be Reproduced]] by [[Warchə Margreussə]]. Though less deeply connected to Hnvki's acting career than the previous two albums, the track "[TBD]" is a setting of lyrics from [[Hroudo Hreudo Heusikin]]'s ''[TBD]'', and the cover of [TBD]'s [TBD] was originally intended to be a bonus track on the cast recording of [[Flights of Angels]].

== Discography ==

=== Solo ===

=== With Przuhhcš ===

Main article: [[Przuhhcš#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* [[Together Again]] (1993)
* [[Last Train to Saransi]] (1996)
* [[Live at the Drunken Sparrow]] (2006)

==== EPs ====

* [[Ballads (Przuhhcš album)|Ballads]] (1962)

==== Compilations ====

* [[The 'Gbhr Hnvki Collection, Vol. 1]] (1997) contains remasters of various reel-to-reel tape recordings of Przuhhcš between 1961 and 1964.

=== With Classical/Instrumental Association ===

Main article: [[Classical/Instrumental Association#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* Popular Ballroom Classics (1965)
* [composer]: The Complete [waltz equivalent]s (1966)

==== EPs ====

* Music of [composer] (1963)

=== Cast recordings ===

* [[Flights of Angels]] (1976)

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-08-02T19:34:22Z

Kazimir:

''''Gbhr Hnvki''' (born 19 August 1944) is Kzmr singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He is best known as an actor for his various roles in the [[Inforadio Srn Heusikin]] series, and as a musician for his debut single, [TBD]. He has also been the narrator of the reality show [['Ttrhhmšdi Tthghnu]] (''Strangers to Lovers''), as well as its spinoffs, since 2015.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Hnvki was born in [[Brtmu]], [[Kzmr]] to a [[Baphia|Baphian]] father and Kzmr mother. At age 12, he joined the choir of the [[First Treveist Temple (Brtmu)|First Treveist Temple]] in Brtmu, and began taking [[kdtk'i]] lessons shortly afterwards. In 1960, he started teaching himself guitar, inspired by his fondness for the music of [TBA] and [pronoun TBA] backing band [TBA], and one year later he became the rhythm guitarist of a local [[w:Skiffle|skiffle]] band known as [[Przuhhcš]] (''The Firewalkers'', not to be confused with the Baphian rock band [translation] with the same translation).

=== Career beginnings ===

Hnvki joined the classical chamber ensemble [[Classical/Instrumental Association]] (CIA) as a kdtkš'i in 1963. In 1965, he came to [[Srn]] with CIA, where the ensemble performed gigs in various [[w:Ballroom|ballrooms]] in the city. Shortly after the CIA tour concluded and he returned to Brtmu, he found his first acting job at a [[w:Repertory theater|repertory theater]] in the city, where he spent eight months (including major roles in adaptations of the [[four great Baphian novels]]). After this, he spent the next several years in between various theatre companies across Kzmr, including two years at the [[Ele Theater (Hbmu)|Ele Theater]] in [[Hbmu]] starting in 1968. There, he met [[Mvrtu 'Knhršhsku]], himself a playwright, director, actor, and composer. The two became long-term collaborators, persisting even after Hnvki left the Ele Theater.

In 1973, Hnvki played the role of pop singer Tmry Ptmuhvmk in [[Þhkusdm Šfk]]'s thriller play ''Murder à la Carte'' (later retitled as ''[[The Jackpot (play)|The Jackpot]]''). Šfk had written lyrics for a [[w:Diegesis|diegetic]] song in the play and enlisted Hnvki to create an original melody for them. Impressed by the results, Šfk sent a tape of the song to various record labels, of which [TBD] was the first to express interest. A representative of the label requested Hnvki audition using fully original tunes, motivating him to write several songs including the one which would become his first and to this day best-selling single, "[[Shnkhshi (song)|Shnkhshi]]".

=== The Trilogy era ===

After signing with [TBD], "Shnkhshi" was released as a single with the B-side "Hbsdnv Sþtku" in 1974, with a follow-up single consisting of "[[Trrx Kmz']]" and "Ffxzfrb" a few months later. In 1974, these four songs, along with nine entirely new others, were released on Hnvki's debut album ''[[Shnkhshi (album)|Shnkhshi]]''. The album versions of the single tracks have a far more maximalist instrumentation with arrangements by [TBD], another collaborator whom Hnvki met through the theatre industry. At the time, the album saw moderate success, with the single "Shnkhshi" reaching a peak of #22 in the [TBD] chart.

Hnvki's careers in music and acting were heavily intertwined during the era of his first three albums, with ''Shnkhshi'' including two songs ("[TBD]" and "[TBD] Tkrti") co-written with 'Knhršhsku for the surrealist cabaret show of the same name as the former. This show also contained the prototype of "[['Dkdn (song)|'Dkdn]]", which would go on to become the title track for [['Dkdn (album)|another album]] in 1975. The album version of this song, featuring several guests from the acting world including [TBD], [TBD], and [TBD], was later released as a single alongside "Xþ Skbb'u" to critical acclaim, peaking at #5 in the [TBD] chart. The quasi-operatic style of "'Dkdn", rapidly switching between pastiches of various genres, has drawn comparisons to [TBD]'s "One Night in Řhæžrthil" and [TBD]'s "[[Ihoshari Rhapsody]]", both released in the same year, though the order of influences if any remains unclear. The album also contained some songs originally written for the Ele Theater production ''Dr. Kžriphmki's Music-Film''.

The third and final album of what became known as the Trilogy was [[Þ'/X']], released in 1976. Despite its lack of associated singles, it became the best-selling of the Trilogy albums, which Hnvki later attributed to the increasing strength of his working relationship with 'Knhršhsku and [TBD], as well as to the now-iconic cover art designed by [record label] based on the painting [[Not to Be Reproduced]] by [TBD]. Though less deeply connected to Hnvki's acting career than the previous two albums, the track "[TBD]" is a setting of lyrics from [[Hroudo Hreudo Heusikin]]'s ''[TBD]'', and the cover of [TBD]'s [TBD] was originally intended to be a bonus track on the cast recording of [[Flights of Angels]].

== Discography ==

=== Solo ===

=== With Przuhhcš ===

Main article: [[Przuhhcš#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* [[Together Again]] (1993)
* [[Last Train to Saransi]] (1996)
* [[Live at the Drunken Sparrow]] (2006)

==== EPs ====

* [[Ballads (Przuhhcš album)|Ballads]] (1962)

==== Compilations ====

* [[The 'Gbhr Hnvki Collection, Vol. 1]] (1997) contains remasters of various reel-to-reel tape recordings of Przuhhcš between 1961 and 1964.

=== With Classical/Instrumental Association ===

Main article: [[Classical/Instrumental Association#Discography]]

==== Albums ====

* Popular Ballroom Classics (1965)
* [composer]: The Complete [waltz equivalent]s (1966)

==== EPs ====

* Music of [composer] (1963)

=== Cast recordings ===

* [[Flights of Angels]] (1976)

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-08-02T02:44:43Z

Kazimir:

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-08-01T04:29:52Z

Kazimir:

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-05-14T02:53:57Z

Kazimir:

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-05-14T02:09:54Z

Kazimir:

Kdtk'i

2025-05-14T01:50:22Z

Kazimir: Created page with "A '''kdtk'i''' is a stringed keyboard instrument with dulcimer-like hammers, metal strings, and no dampers."

A '''kdtk'i''' is a stringed keyboard instrument with dulcimer-like hammers, metal strings, and no dampers.

'Gbhr Hnvki

2025-05-11T22:48:29Z

Kazimir: Created page with "''''Gbhr Hnvki''' (born 19 August 1944) is a Kzmr singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He is best known as an actor for his various roles in the Inforadio Srn Heusikin series, and as a musician for his debut single, [TBD]. He has also been the narrator of the reality show 'Ttrhhmšdi Tthghnu (''Strangers to Lovers''), as well as its spinoffs, since 2015."

''''Gbhr Hnvki''' (born 19 August 1944) is a [[Kzmr]] singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He is best known as an actor for his various roles in the [[Inforadio Srn Heusikin]] series, and as a musician for his debut single, [TBD]. He has also been the narrator of the reality show [['Ttrhhmšdi Tthghnu]] (''Strangers to Lovers''), as well as its spinoffs, since 2015.

Namsaxetaf

2025-04-13T21:33:21Z

Kazimir: Created page with "'''Namsaxetaf''' (Amafjk for "cartography") is a Matkhan game played with a deck of specialized cards, two moveable pieces (known as ''xanat'', meaning "ships") of opposing colors (traditionally black and white, with black moving first), and two sets of tokens in the same colors as the moveable pieces. The game is based on territorial control – that is to say, whoever has the most tokens on the grid of cards at the end of the game is the..."

'''Namsaxetaf''' ([[Amafjk language|Amafjk]] for "cartography") is a [[Matkha|Matkhan]] game played with a deck of specialized cards, two moveable pieces (known as ''xanat'', meaning "ships") of opposing colors (traditionally black and white, with black moving first), and two sets of tokens in the same colors as the moveable pieces. The game is based on territorial control – that is to say, whoever has the most tokens on the grid of cards at the end of the game is the winner.

== Setup ==

In its most basic variation, a Namsaxetaf game begins with laying out 49 cards from the deck face-down in a 7×7 grid, then placing the two pieces on opposite corners of the board. A draw pile of the remaining cards is set next to the grid.

== Gameplay ==

Each turn, a player draws a card from the draw pile. They then place this card face-up in the current location of their ''xanat'', taking the card that was formerly below it. If the card below was a "calm sea" card (depicted as either a blank card or a card with the text "xatjkfj tjxxa"), the player's turn ends. Otherwise, they follow the movement pattern listed on the newly played card, then repeats this process starting from the card they have moved to. If a player moves to a card that was formerly face down, a token of their color is placed there.

In tournament gameplay, there is typically a limit put on the number of added moves, usually limiting each player to three moves per turn. The game ends when either the draw pile is fully exhausted or when all cards in the main grid are revealed.

=== Cards ===

A conventional Namsaxetaf deck contains 100 cards. Among them, there are:
* 30 calm sea cards
* 10 [[w:Wazir|wazir]] cards, known as ''sankisfj tjtka'' ("straight breeze")
* 10 [[w:Ferz|ferz]] cards, known as ''sankisfj kjnna'' ("crooked breeze")
* 8 [[w:Dabbaba|dabbaba]] cards, known as ''xafjn tjtka'' ("straight gust")
* 8 [[w:Alfil|alfil]] cards, known as ''xafjn kjnna'' ("crooked gust")
* 5 [[w:List of fairy chess pieces|war machine]] cards, known as ''tasjf tjtka'' ("straight wind")
* 5 [[w:List of fairy chess pieces|falafel]] cards, known as ''tasjf kjnna'' ("crooked wind")
* 5 [https://www.chess.com/forum/view/chess-variants/basic-tactics-with-the-fairy-pieces typhoon half-knight] cards, known as ''atjxas njfka'' ("left whirlpool")
* 5 [https://www.chess.com/forum/view/chess-variants/basic-tactics-with-the-fairy-pieces hurricane half-knight] cards, known as ''atjxas fjsat'' ("right whirlpool")
* 4 [[w:Rook (chess)|rook]] cards, named separately after the [[w:Classical compass winds#Vitruvius's 24-wind rose|four cardinal winds]]: Namatke (Septentrio), Manma (Solanus), Natat (Auster), and Axjfka (Favonius)
* 4 [[w:Bishop (chess)|bishop]] cards, named separately after the four intercardinal winds: Mannjm (Aquilo), Natmjn (Eurus), Axnjt (Africus), and Namxa (Caurus)
* 2 [[w:Shogi#Promotion|dragon king]] cards
* 2 [[w:Shogi#Promotion|dragon horse]] cards
* 2 [[w:Queen (chess)|queen]] cards

Ukilen Tribe Religion

2024-12-18T07:18:20Z

Kazimir:

Ukilen Tribe Religion refers to a family of religions originating from Ukilen that have a few common traits but are distinct religions practiced by many people in all of Ukilen and other parts of the world. There are 6 major religions practiced in this family, [[Shidamism]], [[Treveism]], [[Garstium|Garsitium]], [[Farsik]], [PLACEHOLDER], and [[Jyosti religion|Jyostism]].

The most common traits they share besides place of origin are the belief that nature, a specific facet of nature in some cases, carries the wills and knowledge of whatever depiction of god the said religion holds, in Shidamism' case, the belief that [[W:Camelidae|camels]] (and camel-like animals) know where all is, or in Treveism' case, believing that the [[W:steppe|steppe]] wind and grass speak gods will.

== Shidamism ==
See main article: [[Shidamism]]

Shidamism is the most practiced Ukilen tribe religion today, being the state religions of [[Jkawi]] and [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]], as well as having millions of followers in [[Baphia]], [[Kgokkonitlag]], [[Sunteria]], and [[Azkali]] collectively. Shidamism is the most divergent from the other 5 religions, mostly taking bits from all 5 as well as [[Jkawi folk tradition]], as well as wholly Shidamist qualities, such as veneration of camels.

== Treveism ==
See main article: [[Treveism]]

== Garsitium ==
See main article: [[Garsitium beliefs|Garsitium]]

== Farsik ==
See main article: [[Farsik Religion|Farsik]]

== Nrþki'rdu ==
See main article: [[Nrþki'rdu]]

Nrþki'rdu is the most commonly practiced Ukilen tribe religion in [[Kzmr]], being followed by the vast majority of the population. The religion is highly [[w:Worship of heavenly bodies|astrolatrous]], focusing on the glorification of various planetary bodies, stars, asterisms, and constellations. The astromantic systems of Nrþki'rdu are considerably robust, with the night sky being divided into the classical planets and the fixed stars, and divination involves only one of these at a time. Fixed-star divination is based on times of heliacal rising and setting and, to a lesser extent, the variability of the stars [[w:Mira|Mira]] and [[w:Beta Lyrae|Sheliak]], while planetary divination focuses on specific [[w:Astrological aspect|aspects]] rather than location within the fixed plane.

The ritual aspect of Nrþki'rdu is equally complex, with its most basic form consisting of the arrangement of objects or large-scale structures in accordance with specific star patterns as a means of 'invocation', and more sophisticated manners entailing elaborate consecration rituals for the objects used in this construction.

== Jyostism ==
See main article: [[Jyosti religion|Jyostism]]

Kuzeke elang

2024-11-17T07:19:38Z

Kazimir:

'''Kuzeke elang''' ([[Baphian language|Modern Baphian]]: {{Ukilen|}} ''ku{{Overline|ze}}ke e{{Overline|lang}}'', [[Baphian language|Middle Baphian]] ''kusyeke kherang'', lit. 'shark food', [[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|QKSHKHI}} '''kshkhi'') is a four-player card game in the [[w:Rummy|rummy]] family popularly played in much of [[Ukilen]], particularly the former states of the Baphian Democratic Union. It was most likely developed in [[Baphia]] during the late 19th century, but has since spread to many parts of the world. It is played with a large deck consisting of 212 cards.

== Cards ==

The cards used in kusyeke kherang are divided into two categories, known as the major and minor cards. The minor cards have numerical values whereas the major cards do not.

=== Minor cards ===

The minor cards are divided into four suits: ribbons, lances, beads, and rings. In each of these four suits, there are cards for the ranks one through nine with four copies apiece, as well as two copies for each of two special cards. These are the 'ten', which is able to stand for either zero or ten in the context of a sequence, and the suit-specific joker. The tens are represented by various types of [[w:Vexilloid|vexilloid]], while the representations of the jokers vary.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Suit !! Ten design !! Joker design
|-
| Ribbons || Flagpole with five ribbon-like pennants || Three vertical ribbons
|-
| Lances || [[w:Tug (banner)|Tug]]-like flag with a spearhead finial || Three double-headed lances
|-
| Beads || Flagpole with three round lanterns and a horns-shaped finial || Necklace of fourteen beads
|-
| Rings || Red vertical flag on crossbar with three gold rings || Chain of alternating silver and gold rings
|}

=== Major cards ===

There are three types of major cards: elements, directions, and seasons.

==== Elements ====

The element cards are named after the six Baphian classical elements, and are able to form sequences based on their position in the elemental cycle, with moon able to 'wrap around' to sun. There are four copies of each. The order of the cards is as follows:

* Sun (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''ze{{Overline|fang}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''sph'')
* Fire (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''de{{Overline|ya}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''nr'')
* Water (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''mu{{Overline|pe}}we'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''mbhu'')
* Bark (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''zu{{Overline|de}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''spu'')
* Gold (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''so{{Overline|to}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|🜚}} ''sþtu'')
* Moon (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''{{Overline|ge}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''ng'')

==== Directions ====

The direction cards are named after the four cardinal directions. There are four copies of each.

==== Seasons ====

The season cards are named after the four seasons. There are three copies of each.

== Game setup ==

The players are designated based on the cardinal directions. Traditionally, the player furthest from the door is assigned East and the rest are given corresponding directions based on this. The game begins with the dealer (East in the first round) shuffling the deck, after which they deal 14 cards to each of the other players and 15 to themself. After this, the remaining cards are set face-down in a draw pile in the center.

=== Card exchange ===

After the initial setup, each of the players, starting with East and progressing clockwise, passes three cards to the player on their left. This player then chooses two cards to keep in their hand, and passes the third back to the right. Thus, in order, East passes three cards to South and is given one of them back, South passes three to West and is given one back, West does the same for North, and finally, North does the same for East. Once this is complete, play can begin, in which player order is the same as the order of exchange.

== Main gameplay ==

Aside from the dealer's very first turn, which consists solely of the latter half of the standard turn, each turn in a game of kusyeke kherang consists of drawing a card from one of two sources (either the main draw pile, or the discard pile assuming the criteria mentioned below are satisfied), then either discarding a card face up on the discard pile or, if possible, declaring a win.

A card can only be drawn from the discard pile if it can be used to form a meld in the player's current hand. In this case, this card, as well as those that comprise the same meld, are set face-up on the table, with one of them (always the latest in rank in the case of a straight) laid diagonally across the rest.

=== Deal-ins ===

In addition, at any point in the game, if a player would be able to form a winning hand with a newly added card on the discard pile, they can declare a win even if they are not the current player. This is known as a deal-in. A win can also be declared off of the diagonal card of another player's revealed cards, so long as it is part of a meld of five cards or more. Similar to the standard deal-in, this must be done immediately after the winning card is revealed.

== Game structure ==

A full game of kusyeke kherang is comprised of a predetermined number of rounds, each of which themselves consist of four hands, with each player being given the title of East, and therefore dealer and first player, in exactly one of these hands. After each hand, the new East player is always the one to the immediate right of the former East player. Rather than having a 'prevailing wind' as in standard [[w:Mahjong|mahjong]], rounds are each given prevailing numbers, which starts at one and increases by one after each round.

== Scoring ==

The winning player is initially awarded 12 points, which is then compounded with any initial additive points known as counters (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''zo{{Overline|te}}si'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''sdsi''). Next, this number is multiplied by a factor determined by the number of augmentations (Baphian: {{Ukilen|SASE}} ''je{{Overline|ju}}sa{{Overline|se}}si'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|TH}} ''bdkthnsy''). This factor stems from a sequence of multiples of powers of six – each power is multiplied by 1, 2, and 3. As 1 augmentation is equivalent to a point multiplier of 2, the sequence is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Augmentations !! Factor
|-
| 1 || 2
|-
| 2 || 3
|-
| 3 || 6
|-
| 4 || 12
|-
| 5 || 18
|-
| 6 || 36
|-
| 7 || 72
|-
| 8 || 108
|-
| 9 || 216
|-
| ... || ...
|}

== Hand structure ==

A winning hand in kusyeke kherang consists of 15 cards divided into any number of melds or into the Sequence of Sequences pattern. Melds can be any size ranging from three to seven, and can be either a set (consisting of identical cards) or a sequence (consisting of cards of consecutive ranks in the same suit, or in the case of elements, consecutive cyclical positions). The size-based categories of melds also have informal names: in order they are trips, quads, quints, hexes, and septs.

=== Special melds ===

A few special melds exist that technically do not fit into the categories of sets or sequences. Firstly, there are two additional valid quads, made from one of each season and one of each direction respectively. In addition, there are quint formations known as 'all odds' and 'all evens'; as their names suggest, they consist of all five odd-numbered ranks in a suit and all even-numbered ranks (including the ten card).

=== Joker usage ===

Each variety of meld has a maximum valid number of jokers it can contain, depending on its type and size.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Set
! Sequence
|-
| Trip
| 1
| 0
|-
| Quad
| 1
| 0
|-
| Quint
| 2
| 1
|-
| Hex
| 2
| 1
|-
| Sept
| ''(not possible)''
| 2
|}

=== Year markers ===

A relatively common [[w:House rule|house rule]] is the addition of a special meld type based on the number of the current year. In parts of Baphia where the Eastern Noellastani calendar is used, this constitutes an exception to the three-card minimum for a meld, as the current year (33) expressed in base 6 is represented by the cards 5 and 3. In the Western Noellastani system, the year 20 Sinumsa is expressed as 3-2-Spring, with the spring card representing the era name. Both of these have the added requirement that the minor cards must be part of the same suit, and that jokers are prohibited.

The Kzmr system is based on the naming process of Kzmr numbers, so the year 1911, which is expressed as 211 before 4000, is represented by the cards 2-1-1-West-4-10-10-10. The requirement that none of these can be jokers still applies, but the cards before and after the west card may be in different suits.

== Scoring conditions ==

All winning hands are required to have at least one of a set number of properties which known as 'formations' before victory can actually be obtained. All formations are worth a set number of counters or augmentations. There are also a few properties which, while not being valid formations in and of themselves and thus being insufficient to declare a victory, are worth points.

It is important to note that some scoring conditions are exclusive subsets of others, for instance, Four Seasons always entails Seat Direction and Sequence of Sequences always entails All Sequences. In these cases, both the superset and subset are added to scoring.

=== Draw-based wins ===

'''Self-draw:''' If the winning player's completing card was drawn from the draw pile, they are awarded 2 counters, but this does not constitute a formation.

'''Last card draw''': If the winning player's completing card was the last card in the draw pile, they are awarded 1 augmentation.

'''Blessing of the Moon''': If the dealer's initial hand is a winning hand, they are awarded 4 augmentations.

'''Blessing of the Sun''': If a player other than the dealer completes their hand before the dealer's second turn, they are awarded 4 augmentations.

'''Taking from the bundle''': If the winning player's completing card is taken from the diagonal card of another player's open meld, they are awarded 4 counters.

=== Wins based on hand structure ===

'''Three quints''': A hand consisting of three quints is worth 1 augmentation.

'''Five trips''': A hand consisting of five trips is worth 1 augmentation.

'''Concealed hand''': A hand with no open melds is worth 4 counters.

'''Hex''': Each hex in a hand is worth 1 counter.

'''Sept''': A hand containing a sept is worth 2 counters.

'''Hex set''': Each hex set in a hand is worth 3 augmentations if open, and 6 if concealed.

'''Sequence of Sequences''': The Sequence of Sequences consists of five different sequences of increasing size from 1 to 5, each of which has a different category, i.e., it contains all four suits as well as a sequence of elements. The 1-sequence (single card) and 2-sequence (two consecutive cards) must not contain any jokers. A hand with this structure is worth 6 augmentations.

=== Wins based on specific cards ===

'''Season trip''': A hand containing three identical season cards is worth 3 augmentations if the set in question is open, and 6 if the set is concealed.

'''Direction trip''': A hand containing three identical direction cards is worth 1 augmentation if the set in question is open, and 3 if the set is concealed.

'''Four seasons''': A hand containing a four seasons quad is worth 4 counters.

'''Four directions''': A hand containing a four directions quad is worth 3 counters.

'''Seat direction''': Each instance of the winning player's seat direction in their hand is worth 2 counters.

'''Set of round number''': A set with the round number is worth a number of counters equivalent to two less than its size, for instance, a three-card set of the round number is worth 1 counter while a six-card set is worth 4.

'''No jokers''': A hand with no jokers, while not a formation, is worth 6 counters.

'''One joker''': A hand with one joker, while not a formation, is worth 3 counters.

'''Four flags''': A hand that contains each of the four cards with rank 10 is worth 10 counters.

=== Suit-based wins ===

'''Half flush''': A hand consisting solely of major cards and minor cards in a single suit is worth 2 augmentations if open, and 3 if concealed.

'''Split flush''': A hand consisting solely of minor cards in two different suits is worth 1 augmentation if open, and 2 if concealed.

'''Full flush''': A hand consisting solely of minor cards in a single suit is worth 4 augmentations if open, and 6 if concealed.

'''All majors''': A hand consisting solely of major cards is worth 5 augmentations.

=== Sequence-based wins ===

'''All sequences''': A hand consisting solely of sequences is worth 2 augmentations if open, and 4 if concealed.

'''Full sequence''': A combination of melds that can be joined into a sequence from 0 to 9 (or 1 to 10) in a single suit is worth 3 augmentations if any part of it is open, and 6 if concealed.

'''Extended cycle''': A combination of melds that can be joined into an elemental cycle longer than 6 cards is worth 4 augmentations if any part of it is open, and 8 if concealed. In addition, a counter is added for every card above the 6-card baseline, so an 8-long extended cycle is worth 2 counters.

'''Identical sequences''': A hand containing two sequences of exactly the same cards (allowing for joker substitutions) is worth 3 augmentations if the sequences are both trips, and 4 augmentations if they are both larger than trips.

'''Equivalent sequences''': A hand containing three sequences of the same ranks in different suits (allowing for joker substitutions) is worth 2 augmentations if the sequences are all trips, and 3 augmentations if they are all larger than trips.

=== Set-based wins ===

'''Pure quad set''': A four-card set with no jokers is worth 8 counters.

'''All sets''': A hand consisting solely of sets is worth 4 augmentations if open, and 12 if concealed.

'''Two equivalent sets''': A hand containing two sets of the same rank in different suits is worth 2 augmentations if the sets are both trips, and 3 augmentations if they are both larger than trips.

'''Three equivalent sets''': A hand containing three sets of the same rank in different suits is worth 6 augmentations if the sets are all trips, and 8 augmentations if they are all larger than trips.

Kuzeke elang

2024-11-17T07:16:36Z

Kazimir:

'''Kuzeke elang''' ([[Baphian language|Modern Baphian]]: {{Ukilen|}} ''ku{{Overline|ze}}ke e{{Overline|lang}}'', [[Baphian language|Middle Baphian]] ''kusyeke kherang'', lit. 'shark food', [[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|QKSHKHI}} '''kshkhi'') is a four-player card game in the [[w:Rummy|rummy]] family popularly played in much of [[Ukilen]], particularly the former states of the Baphian Democratic Union. It was most likely developed in [[Baphia]] during the late 19th century, but has since spread to many parts of the world. It is played with a large deck consisting of 212 cards.

== Cards ==

The cards used in kusyeke kherang are divided into two categories, known as the major and minor cards. The minor cards have numerical values whereas the major cards do not.

=== Minor cards ===

The minor cards are divided into four suits: ribbons, lances, beads, and rings. In each of these four suits, there are cards for the ranks one through nine with four copies apiece, as well as two copies for each of two special cards. These are the 'ten', which is able to stand for either zero or ten in the context of a sequence, and the suit-specific joker. The tens are represented by various types of [[w:Vexilloid|vexilloid]], while the representations of the jokers vary.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Suit !! Ten design !! Joker design
|-
| Ribbons || Flagpole with five ribbon-like pennants || Three vertical ribbons
|-
| Lances || [[w:Tug (banner)|Tug]]-like flag with a spearhead finial || Three double-headed lances
|-
| Beads || Flagpole with three round lanterns and a horns-shaped finial || Necklace of fourteen beads
|-
| Rings || Red vertical flag on crossbar with three gold rings || Chain of alternating silver and gold rings
|}

=== Major cards ===

There are three types of major cards: elements, directions, and seasons.

==== Elements ====

The element cards are named after the six Baphian classical elements, and are able to form sequences based on their position in the elemental cycle, with moon able to 'wrap around' to sun. There are four copies of each. The order of the cards is as follows:

* Sun (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''ze{{Overline|fang}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''sph'')
* Fire (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''de{{Overline|ya}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''nr'')
* Water (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''mu{{Overline|pe}}we'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''mbhu'')
* Bark (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''zu{{Overline|de}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''spu'')
* Gold (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''so{{Overline|to}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|🜚}} ''sþtu'')
* Moon (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''{{Overline|ge}}'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''ng'')

==== Directions ====

The direction cards are named after the four cardinal directions. There are four copies of each.

==== Seasons ====

The season cards are named after the four seasons. There are three copies of each.

== Game setup ==

The players are designated based on the cardinal directions. Traditionally, the player furthest from the door is assigned East and the rest are given corresponding directions based on this. The game begins with the dealer (East in the first round) shuffling the deck, after which they deal 14 cards to each of the other players and 15 to themself. After this, the remaining cards are set face-down in a draw pile in the center.

=== Card exchange ===

After the initial setup, each of the players, starting with East and progressing clockwise, passes three cards to the player on their left. This player then chooses two cards to keep in their hand, and passes the third back to the right. Thus, in order, East passes three cards to South and is given one of them back, South passes three to West and is given one back, West does the same for North, and finally, North does the same for East. Once this is complete, play can begin, in which player order is the same as the order of exchange.

== Main gameplay ==

Aside from the dealer's very first turn, which consists solely of the latter half of the standard turn, each turn in a game of kusyeke kherang consists of drawing a card from one of two sources (either the main draw pile, or the discard pile assuming the criteria mentioned below are satisfied), then either discarding a card face up on the discard pile or, if possible, declaring a win.

A card can only be drawn from the discard pile if it can be used to form a meld in the player's current hand. In this case, this card, as well as those that comprise the same meld, are set face-up on the table, with one of them (always the latest in rank in the case of a straight) laid diagonally across the rest.

=== Deal-ins ===

In addition, at any point in the game, if a player would be able to form a winning hand with a newly added card on the discard pile, they can declare a win even if they are not the current player. This is known as a deal-in. A win can also be declared off of the diagonal card of another player's revealed cards, so long as it is part of a meld of five cards or more. Similar to the standard deal-in, this must be done immediately after the winning card is revealed.

== Game structure ==

A full game of kusyeke kherang is comprised of a predetermined number of rounds, each of which themselves consist of four hands, with each player being given the title of East, and therefore dealer and first player, in exactly one of these hands. After each hand, the new East player is always the one to the immediate right of the former East player. Rather than having a 'prevailing wind' as in standard [[w:Mahjong|mahjong]], rounds are each given prevailing numbers, which starts at one and increases by one after each round.

== Scoring ==

The winning player is initially awarded 12 points, which is then compounded with any initial additive points known as counters (Baphian: {{Ukilen|}} ''zo{{Overline|te}}si'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|}} ''sdsi''). Next, this number is multiplied by a factor determined by the number of augmentations (Baphian: {{Ukilen|SASE}} ''je{{Overline|ju}}sa{{Overline|se}}si'', Kzmr: {{Kzmr|TH}} ''bdkthnsy''). This factor stems from a sequence of multiples of powers of six – each power is multiplied by 1, 2, and 3. As 1 augmentation is equivalent to a point multiplier of 2, the sequence is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Augmentations !! Factor
|-
| 1 || 2
|-
| 2 || 3
|-
| 3 || 6
|-
| 4 || 12
|-
| 5 || 18
|-
| 6 || 36
|-
| 7 || 72
|-
| 8 || 108
|-
| 9 || 216
|-
| ... || ...
|}

== Hand structure ==

A winning hand in kusyeke kherang consists of 15 cards divided into any number of melds or into the Sequence of Sequences pattern. Melds can be any size ranging from three to seven, and can be either a set (consisting of identical cards) or a sequence (consisting of cards of consecutive ranks in the same suit, or in the case of elements, consecutive cyclical positions). The size-based categories of melds also have informal names: in order they are trips, quads, quints, hexes, and septs.

=== Special melds ===

A few special melds exist that technically do not fit into the categories of sets or sequences. Firstly, there are two additional valid quads, made from one of each season and one of each direction respectively. In addition, there are quint formations known as 'all odds' and 'all evens'; as their names suggest, they consist of all five odd-numbered ranks in a suit and all even-numbered ranks (including the ten card).

=== Joker usage ===

Each variety of meld has a maximum valid number of jokers it can contain, depending on its type and size.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Set
! Sequence
|-
| Trip
| 1
| 0
|-
| Quad
| 1
| 0
|-
| Quint
| 2
| 1
|-
| Hex
| 2
| 1
|-
| Sept
| ''(not possible)''
| 2
|}

=== Year markers ===

A relatively common [[w:House rule|house rule]] is the addition of a special meld type based on the number of the current year. In parts of Baphia where the Eastern Noellastani calendar is used, this constitutes an exception to the three-card minimum for a meld, as the current year (33) expressed in base 6 is represented by the cards 5 and 3. In the Western Noellastani system, the year 20 Sinumsa is expressed as 3-2-Spring, with the spring card representing the era name. Both of these have the added requirement that the minor cards must be part of the same suit, and that jokers are prohibited.

The Kzmr system is based on the naming process of Kzmr numbers, so the year 1911, which is expressed as 211 before 4000, is represented by the cards 2-1-1-West-4-10-10-10. The requirement that none of these can be jokers still applies, but the cards before and after the west card may be in different suits.

== Scoring conditions ==

All winning hands are required to have at least one of a set number of properties which known as 'formations' before victory can actually be obtained. All formations are worth a set number of counters or augmentations. There are also a few properties which, while not being valid formations in and of themselves and thus being insufficient to declare a victory, are worth points.

It is important to note that some scoring conditions are exclusive subsets of others, for instance, Four Seasons always entails Seat Direction and Sequence of Sequences always entails All Sequences. In these cases, both the superset and subset are added to scoring.

=== Draw-based wins ===

'''Self-draw:''' If the winning player's completing card was drawn from the draw pile, they are awarded 2 counters, but this does not constitute a formation.

'''Last card draw''': If the winning player's completing card was the last card in the draw pile, they are awarded 1 augmentation.

'''Blessing of the Moon''': If the dealer's initial hand is a winning hand, they are awarded 4 augmentations.

'''Blessing of the Sun''': If a player other than the dealer completes their hand before the dealer's second turn, they are awarded 4 augmentations.

'''Taking from the bundle''': If the winning player's completing card is taken from the diagonal card of another player's open meld, they are awarded 4 counters.

=== Wins based on hand structure ===

'''Three quints''': A hand consisting of three quints is worth 1 augmentation.

'''Five trips''': A hand consisting of five trips is worth 1 augmentation.

'''Concealed hand''': A hand with no open melds is worth 4 counters.

'''Hex''': Each hex in a hand is worth 1 counter.

'''Sept''': A hand containing a sept is worth 2 counters.

'''Hex set''': Each hex set in a hand is worth 3 augmentations if open, and 6 if concealed.

'''Sequence of Sequences''': The Sequence of Sequences consists of five different sequences of increasing size from 1 to 5, each of which has a different category, i.e., it contains all four suits as well as a sequence of elements. The 1-sequence (single card) and 2-sequence (two consecutive cards) must not contain any jokers. A hand with this structure is worth 6 augmentations.

=== Wins based on specific cards ===

'''Season trip''': A hand containing three identical season cards is worth 3 augmentations if the set in question is open, and 6 if the set is concealed.

'''Direction trip''': A hand containing three identical direction cards is worth 1 augmentation if the set in question is open, and 3 if the set is concealed.

'''Four seasons''': A hand containing a four seasons quad is worth 4 counters.

'''Four directions''': A hand containing a four directions quad is worth 3 counters.

'''Seat direction''': Each instance of the winning player's seat direction in their hand is worth 2 counters.

'''Set of round number''': A set with the round number is worth a number of counters equivalent to two less than its size, for instance, a three-card set of the round number is worth 1 counter while a six-card set is worth 4.

'''No jokers''': A hand with no jokers, while not a formation, is worth 6 counters.

'''One joker''': A hand with one joker, while not a formation, is worth 3 counters.

'''Four flags''': A hand that contains each of the four cards with rank 10 is worth 10 counters.

=== Suit-based wins ===

'''Half flush''': A hand consisting solely of major cards and minor cards in a single suit is worth 2 augmentations if open, and 3 if concealed.

'''Split flush''': A hand consisting solely of minor cards in two different suits is worth 1 augmentation if open, and 2 if concealed.

'''Full flush''': A hand consisting solely of minor cards in a single suit is worth 4 augmentations if open, and 6 if concealed.

'''All majors''': A hand consisting solely of major cards is worth 5 augmentations.

=== Sequence-based wins ===

'''All sequences''': A hand consisting solely of sequences is worth 2 augmentations if open, and 4 if concealed.

'''Full sequence''': A combination of melds that can be joined into a sequence from 0 to 9 (or 1 to 10) in a single suit is worth 3 augmentations if any part of it is open, and 6 if concealed.

'''Extended cycle''': A combination of melds that can be joined into an elemental cycle longer than 6 cards is worth 4 augmentations if any part of it is open, and 8 if concealed. In addition, a counter is added for every card above the 6-card baseline, so an 8-long extended cycle is worth 2 counters.

'''Identical sequences''': A hand containing two sequences of exactly the same cards (allowing for joker substitutions) is worth 3 augmentations if the sequences are both trips, and 4 augmentations if they are both larger than trips.

'''Equivalent sequences''': A hand containing three sequences of the same ranks in different suits (allowing for joker substitutions) is worth 2 augmentations if the sequences are both trips, and 3 augmentations if they are both larger than trips.

=== Set-based wins ===

'''Pure quad set''': A four-card set with no jokers is worth 8 counters.

'''All sets''': A hand consisting solely of sets is worth 4 augmentations if open, and 12 if concealed.

'''Two equivalent sets''': A hand containing two sets of the same rank in different suits is worth 2 augmentations if the sets are both trips, and 3 augmentations if they are both larger than trips.

'''Three equivalent sets''': A hand containing three sets of the same rank in different suits is worth 6 augmentations if the sets are all trips, and 8 augmentations if they are all larger than trips.

Kzmr language

2024-11-11T22:19:10Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage={{Kzmr|KZMR`}}|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|[kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩]]]|Speakers=3.4 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' ({{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''tþru Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak]]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrš|Kkzmrš]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]].

Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]].

The various Kzmr lects share a consistent [[w:Diaphoneme|diaphoneme]] inventory noteworthy for having two separate 'null' phonemes as well as wholly lacking phonemic vowels.

== History ==

=== Šzþ Kzmr ===

Due to the lack of phonetic writing in early Kzmr usages of traditional Ukilen, it is difficult to delineate the history of the language cluster into separate periods. Nonetheless, the variety used in the [[Šzþ|ššzþ]], or traditional epic poems of the Kkzmrš, has various distinctive syntactical features not shared with modern varieties, and is thus classified by linguists as the distinct Šzþ Kzmr form. Some bionyms in the [[Baphian language|Baphian]] and [[Jkawi language|Jkawi]] languages are speculated to be loaned from this early variety.

=== Modern Kzmr ===

== Diaphonology ==

== Orthography ==

== Noun morphology ==

Though Kzmr preserves the original nine cases of Proto-Ukilen (albeit with the dative and locative being homophonous outside of pronouns), most other aspects of Proto-Ukilen noun morphology are either eroded or completely overhauled. Firstly, the animacy distinction is removed, with the original animate case endings having far more widespread reflexes in Kzmr. Secondly, the dual no longer exists and pluralization is instead marked, except in some irregular nouns, by reduplication of the first consonant (excluding, of course, //∅//).

=== Carrier nouns ===

In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each.

There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, ''thn-'', which patterns like ''t-''. Though commonly translated as "damned [noun]", it can also be associated with emotional valences besides contempt, such as shock or fear.

=== ''Vocativa tantum'' ===

A ''vocativum tantum'' is a noun which appears solely in the vocative case. To be used in other syntactic roles, it must be used in conjunction with a classifier noun. Though these overlap with mass nouns, not all mass nouns are ''vocativa tantum'' and vice versa. For instance, "caribou" in the nominative is phrased as ''dždu xhvnmi'' (<code>CLF caribou-VOC</code>). ''Vocativa tantum'' are pluralized by pluralizing the classifier rather than the classified noun.

=== Defective nouns ===

Defective nouns are a variety of indeclinable nouns which are assigned their syntactic role by using one of two topical postpositions and replacing their intended place in the sentence with a pronominal. The two topical postpositions are ''bþ'', used when the topic takes an agentive or patientive role, and ''nn'' used otherwise. Baphian loans, as well as abbreviated forms of Kzmr nouns, are frequently defective nouns. Take the following sentence, for instance:

''''Kshkhi bþ hhnry þ' h'u.''' <code>kuzeke.elang TOP play-PRES.IMPF 1-NOM 3.INAM-ACC</code> ''I play [[kuzeke elang]].''

The literal meaning of this expression could be translated as "As for kuzeke elang, I play it."

=== Table ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! þ' (I)
! dgšu (bird)
! Srn ([[Srn]])
! þksatrs (bat ''(hon.)'')
! *xhhny (caribou)
|-
| Nominative
| þ'
| dgšu
| Srn, tSrn
| þksatrs
| gdu xhhnmy
|-
| Accusative
| þ'u
| dgšgu
| tgSrn
| þksutrs
| gdgu xhhnmy
|-
| Dative
| þ'
| dgšvu
| tvSrn
| þksatrs
| gdvu xhhnmy
|-
| Genitive
| þž
| dgšku
| tkSrn
| þksžatrs
| gdku xhhnmy
|-
| Ablative
| þ'
| dgšdu
| tdSrn
| þksatrs
| gddu xhhnmy
|-
| Vocative
| rowspan="3" | þ'i
| dgšmu
| tmSrn
| rowspan="3" | þksitrs
| xhhnmy
|-
| Locative/Instrumental
| dgšvu
| tvSrn
| gdvu xhhnmy
|-
| Allative
| dgšhnu
| thnSrn
| gdhnu xhhnmy
|-
| Adessive
| þ'u
| dgšzu
| tzSrn
| þksutrs
| gdzu xhhnmy
|}

== Word formation ==

=== Compounding strategies ===

Kzmr compounding usually undergoes a type of sandhi where multisyllabic words in which the last epenthetic vowel was originally unstressed, the following word does not begin with //H// or //∅//, and the last consonant is not already //∅//, have //∅// appended.

Many multimorphemic words in Kzmr are formed by compounding; the resultant words are classified into various types based on the nature of the compound. The vocative strategy of compounding, inherited from Proto-Ukilen, is in modern Kzmr only one of several. The types are as follows:

==== Verbal-nominal and pseudoverbal-nominal (*''Tatpuruṣa'') ====

One common form of compound is the the verbal-nominal, stemming from a verb participle followed by a noun taking one of the seven oblique cases in Kzmr to create an adjective:

(THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE FIXED UNTIL I ACTUALLY READD PARTICIPLES

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! Translation !! Case
|-
| mhsn'innmþþgi || killing hyenas || Accusative
|-
| kksn'axxdv'i || fighting for Sirius, fighting on behalf of Sirius || Dative
|-
| tgbn'akrtšku || forged out of steel || Genitive
|-
| 'rnn'iddžbrd || having come from the mountains || Ablative
|-
| mhsbnn'izkrtmv || having been killed with a lance || Locative/Instrumental
|-
| bþrn'annrþhni || facing towards the stars || Allative
|-
| shdn'itrgzi || standing in the road || Adessive
|}

The pseudoverbal-nominal is a similar construction in which the verb is replaced with a deverbal noun which can be given a case, such as ''mhscsi'bhg'' "patricidist" and ''mhscsvi'bhg'' "to the patricidist".

== Sentence structure ==

Kzmr word order is primarily VSO.

[[Category:Languages]]

Kzmr

2024-11-11T22:18:55Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr Confederation' redirects here. For the state prior to accession to the Democratic Union of Baphia, see [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)]].''
{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Kzmr Confederation|DependencyType=|Capital=[[Srn]]|Demonym=[[Kkzmrš|Kzmrš]]|Language=[[Kzmr language|Kzmr]] [[Baphian language|Baphian]]|Species=[[kaneedkind#Xeric Kaneeds|Xeric Kaneed]]|UnrecLanguage=[[Jkawi language|Jkawi]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Devolution|Devolved]] [[w:Confederation|confederation]] of [[Clan (Kzmr)|clans]]|Area=5.8 million km²|Population=3.1 million}}
'''Kzmr''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''Smph Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[səmapa kəzamrak]]]), officially the '''Kzmr Confederation''', is a sovereign state in western [[Ukilen]], sharing a land border with [[Jkawi]] to its south and [[Baphia]] to its east, and a maritime border with the [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]] island of [[Sakle]] to its southwest. Its capital, largest municipality, and sole inland permanent settlement is [[Srn]].

Organized as a confederation of nomadic [[clan (Kzmr)|clans]], of which there are currently seventy-four, the Kzmr Autonomous Country was formed when the earlier [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)|Kzmr Confederation]] joined the Democratic Union of Baphia in 1815. In 2024, it was removed from the Baphian union due to [[the Yugim crisis]].

== History ==

''Main article: [[History of Kzmr]]''

=== Prehistory ===

The first inhabitants of modern-day Kzmr were most likely proto-Kaneeds who left the [[Jyosti Islands]] during the [[Third Ukilen Migration]] circa 2500 BCE. These early settlers eventually diverged genetically to form the xeric Kaneed subspecies.

The earliest artifacts whose date can be properly ascertained are those from the [[Mount Rknu]] archaeological site, which includes a variety of objects such as ceramics and jewelry dating to roughly 2300 BCE. This is the [[w:Type site|type site]] for the eponymous [[Mount Rknu culture]], who unlike the modern Kkzmrš, are thought to have led a sedentary life at an extremely small population. Artifacts associated with the Mount Rknu culture are no longer attested after circa 2100 BCE, and some scholars propose that the sudden collapse of this culture resulted from a famine.

[[File:Stannite herder's crook.jpg|thumb|[[w:Cold working|Cold-worked]] [[w:stannite|stannite]] head of a Kzmr herder's crook, from the [[Museum of Early Ukilen]] in [[Turku]].]]
The nomadism of the modern Kkzmrš ostensibly began around 2000 BCE, as artifacts such as herder's crooks and tent stakes begin to become attested in this period. These [[proto-Kkzmrš]] eventually separated into the ancestral groups of the three modern morphs of xeric Kaneed, with the sophonts in the far northern tundra adapting as the Beringian Kaneeds and those in the desert and shrublands forming the Blanfordian and Karagan Kaneeds. In Kzmr oral traditions, the common ancestors of each of these groups are known as [[Mntmr]], [[Þsnmr]], and [[Fkshmr]] respectively.

=== Protohistory ===

Though internal historiography of Kzmr is extremely sparse until the formation of a unified Kzmr identity in the 16th century CE, precipitating the establishment of the Kzmr Confederation, there exists a rich body of oral history with relatively little variance between clans. In addition to this, sources from Baphian antiquity provide an external view of some eastern Kzmr clans.

==== East Ukilen raids ====
[[File:Bxvi.jpg|thumb|A set of modern-day ''bbxvi'' from northern Kzmr.]]
A great wealth of historiography, both internal and external, exists regarding the participation of various Kzmr clans and septs in the [[East Ukilen raids]], particularly the [[Raid of Bongsibon]] circa 100–250 CE. Unlike the longstanding tradition of [[Oryx raid|oryx raiding]], which to this day remains a typically nonviolent variety of theft, the actions of Kzmr razzieurs during this period were quite devastating to the local population, causing roughly half of the Kali casualties in the Raid of Bongsibon. Smaller-scale trans-Baphian razzias continued well into the Nth century. The spoils of these incursions, often goods which were unavailable or difficult in the desert climate, were particularly valuable to the Kkzmrš in this era, and the legacy of this unilateral transfer remains in Kzmr culture to this day. For instance, the ''[[bxvi]]'', a stringed instrument of [[Kzmr folk music]], is derived from the [[Kali viol]], first brought to Kzmr during these raids.

==== Warring Clans Era ====
The Warring Clans era began with the decline of the East Ukilen raids, a trend that led to an increased population from returning razzieurs in conjunction with the gradual exhaustion of Bongsibon’s more important resources. The resulting resource crisis, roughly lasting from 270 to 285 CE, is known as the [[Kzmr Famine]]. Exacerbated by historical [[w:Overgrazing|overgrazing]] and the resultant period of sandstorms known as the [[Years of Dust]], the paucity of reliable food caused an upsurge in oryx raiding. Even after the Kzmr Famine, retaliatory actions prolonged the warring clans era.

[[File:Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor]].]]
These new inter-clan raids, ranging from minor skirmishes to standard warfare, stimulated the development of a [[w:Tribute|tributary system]] in Kzmr, in which more vulnerable septs or clans paid levies, usually in the form of dairy, livestock, or forageables, to their more militarily adept counterparts in exchange for a guarantee of protection by the [[w:Suzerainty|suzerain]]. In some cases, suzerains could themselves be tributaries of other septs or clans. This system allowed some suzerains to live a sedentary lifestyle off of these levies, prompting the construction of [[w:Manor house|manor houses]] which constitute the earliest permanent examples of [[Kzmr architecture]]. After the decline of the tributary system, the multiple manor houses at [[Srn]] and their surrounding villas remained inhabited by the courtiers and servants of their respective suzerains due to the existence of supporting agriculture and horticulture made possible by its oasis location.

==== Pax Casambriana ====
Roughly concurrent with the [[Baphia#Peace Era|peace era in Baphia]], the Pax Casambriana is generally accepted as beginning in 687 CE, with the armistice of the [[Hnþ–Bkršsg'attcsu feud]]. This era was characterized by extensive technological, artistic, and infrastructural development which set the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Kzmr Confederation. The development of the portable forge in the early eighth century allowed for the spread of more sophisticated forms of metallurgy to non-manorial groups, and writing became similarly widely accessible in the tenth century with the design of the [[Kzmr alphabet]] as a supplement to the [[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|traditional Ukilen]] script.

This era of technological progress was also stimulated by the formation of independent trades. In this period, members of a given clan had greater autonomy and could visit other clans without diplomatic concern, allowing for peripatetic work in exchange for food or goods, especially in the fields of textiles, metallurgy, and delivery. These itinerant workers eventually formed [[w:Guild|guilds]] which later evolved into the occupational [[Pseudoclan|pseudoclans]].

[[File:Pre-rococo robe, detail.jpg|thumb|Detail from a pre-rococo robe, c. 1533, from the [[Srn Fine Arts Center]].]]
The arts also flourished greatly in this period, with [[Kzmr music notation]] being invented by [[Phmihgþs]] in 922 CE, originally to transcribe [[Nrþk'irdu]] liturgical music. Eventually, it was extended to the creation of new motets, and soon after to the composition of secular music. Music of the Pax Casambriana was extremely varied and characterized by heavy experimentation, and the era gave rise to some of the most prolific composers in Kzmr history. The visual arts also underwent a revolution of their own, with the burgeoning guild system allowing specialization in textile art and metalwork. Artifacts from this time period include jewelry made from finely woven copper wire as well as oryx leather and felted rabbit fur embroidered by hand, of which the vegetation-inspired ornamentation was the prototype of the [[Kzmr rococo]] movement.

[[Category:Ukilen]]
[[Category:Country]]

Matkha

2024-10-20T21:14:39Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Republic of Matkha|LocalName=Matjx Sefjfsjke ne Ripublika vihy Vmatxa|Capital=[[Xassj Efjnes]]|Population=1.3 million|Demonym=[[Matkhans|Matkha]]|Language=[[Amafjk language|Amafjk]] Regional languages: [[Ngyo language|Ngyo]]|Species=Kjarelen|Ethnicities=(Placeholder), [[Wla]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Parliamentary republic|Parliamentary republic]] with a [[w:Figurehead|ceremonial head of state]]|Currency=[[Naxfitas]]|TrafficDirection=Right|CallingCode=+33|InternetCode=.mt|3LetterCode=MAT|Flag=Matxa.png}}
'''Matkha''' ([[Amafjk language|Amafjk]]: ''Matxa'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[ṽætˣx̪͆æ]]], [[Ngyo language|Ngyo]]: ''Vmatxa'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[vmatχ͢xa]]],), officially the '''Republic of Matkha''', is an archipelago nation in the northern [[Bellic Ocean]] consisting of five major islands and various smaller islets and atolls. It shares no land-based or maritime borders, but the closest states are [[Kasten]] and [[Haobora]]. With the exception of [[Tantj Mafjx · Kaksj'x-Itisjx]] and [[Tantj Mafjx · Kaksj'x-Fimnj]], the five inhabited islands of Matkha are separated by large spans of water and have thus developed vastly different languages and cultures.

The country is divided into four provinces each centered on one of the primary islands, all of which except for [[Tantj Mafjx Province|Tantj Mafjx]] include many outlying islands. In addition to this, there is a region known as the [[Scattered Islands Census Area]], consisting of 131 islands that are de jure not a part of any province, but whose citizens are subject to the laws of Tantj Mafjx, able to vote in Tantj Mafjx local elections, and able to join the [[Tantj Mafjx Provincial Guard]]. In total, there are 267 islands larger than 1 km², of which 168 are inhabited. The inhabited islands vary in size from 22 km² ([[Vpñuwvlyahwp]]) to 25,428 km².

== History ==

=== Matkha migrations ===

[[File:Saskjmis Njtte boat reconstruction.png|thumb|Reconstruction of the Saskjmis Njtte boat.]]

It is thought that the first island of Matkha to be settled was Kaksj'x-Itisjx, being encountered circa 3500 BCE by explorers who departed from modern-day [[Xjetjeŋ]], with Kaksj'x-Fimnj being settled shortly after. One of the oldest known boats, a [[w:Driftwood|driftwood]]-based [[w:Sewn boat|sewn boat]] known as the [[Saskjmis Njtte boat]] which has been carbon dated to roughly 3430 BCE, was discovered off the coast of Kaksj'x-Itisjx by a fisher in 1994.

The second island to be settled was [[Vpñuwpaw]] around 2800 BCE, by common ancestors of the Wla and [[Kjareliq]] originating from the island of [[Aqcjam]]. Around this time, the early (PLACEHOLDER) began to make forays into the nearest outlying islands, and during this process eventually set foot on (PLACEHOLDER) around 1900 BCE.

The Matkha migrations began to slow down in 740 BCE, with the first permanent settlement of (PLACEHOLDER) by sailors from Vpñuwpaw. This island was already previously known to the Wla, with records of castaways being marooned there dating back to 980 BCE written in the [[interior Ngyo script]].

=== Monarchic era ===

In 418 BCE, the various small chiefdoms of Vpñuwpaw were united under the [[Vpñuwpaw Kingdom]] by King [[Zknri I]], the first monarch of the [[Ðatvlyu dynasty]]. He was descended from the line of [[Zltah Chiefdom|Zltah]] chiefs, who under the new system were retroactively and posthumously considered as monarchs part of the [[Wmlukvlyu dynasty]], meaning that the first ruler in traditional lineages is not Zknri I but rather the semi-legendary Queen [[Vñluhmrwiy I]].

Circa 320 BCE, the [[Tantj Mafjx Duumvirate]] was established. Under this system, two co-sovereigns represented the two islands of the nation, each having veto power over the other. In addition, their declarations could be vetoed by a supermajority vote from the [[Assembly of Chiefs and High Priests]], a council formed from all local chiefs, with areas not under a chief system being represented by the local [[fasan]], often translated as 'priest' or 'high priest', referring to a religiously learned elder with informal authority comparable to that found in a [[w:Big man (anthropology)|big man]] system.

Amafjk language

2024-10-20T21:13:28Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Amafjk|NativeLanguage=Amafjk / sataxjx Jmefjk|Speakers=416,000|LanguageFamily=[[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]] (disputed)|WritingSystem=[[Amafjk script]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Matkha]]|3Lettercode=AMA}}
'''Amafjk''' (pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/æṽæɸiᵑkˣ/]]; or ''sataxjx Jmefjk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/r̝̊ætˣæx̪͆ix̪͆ iṽeɸiᵑkˣ/]]) is the de facto [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]] of [[Matkha]] and the official language of [[Tantj Mafjx Province]]. It is spoken natively by 92% of Tantj Mafjx Province and 65% of the [[Scattered Islands Census Area]], and the overwhelming majority of Matkhans are either conversational or fluent in the language.

Amafjk is generally considered to be a [[w:Language isolate|language isolate]], or otherwise part of a tentative microfamily known as [[East Matkhan languages|East Matkhan]] containing itself and (PLACEHOLDER), the latter of which is only attested in toponyms, anthroponyms, and a transcription of a song found in (BOOK PLACEHOLDER). However, recent scholarship has attempted to link the language to the [[Ngyoic languages]] under the [[Macro-Matkhan languages|Macro-Matkhan]] phylum, though this theory remains highly contested.

== Phonology ==

Amafjk is typically analyzed as having 11 phonemes, giving it the second smallest phoneme inventory of any attested natural language, solely surpassed by the [[Seŋoŋ language]] spoken in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. These phonemes are divided into 7 consonants and 4 vowels.

=== Consonants ===

The consonants, and their underlying pronunciations in [[Xassj Efjnes]] dialect, are given here.

{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|'''m''' /ṽ/
|'''n''' /ɾ̃/
|
|-
![[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
|
|'''t''' /tˣ/{{efn|group=cons|name=vasp|Has [[w:Lakota language#Consonants|velar aspiration]].}}
|'''k''' /ᵑkˣ/{{efn|name=vasp}}
|-
![[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|'''f''' /ɸ/
|'''s''' /r̝̊/{{efn|group=cons|A [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill|fricative trill]].}}
|'''x''' /x̪͆/
|}

{{notelist|group=cons}}

=== Vowels ===

Amafjk has a [[w:Vertical vowel system|vertical vowel system]].

{| class="wikitable"
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|j /i/
|-
![[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|i /ɪ/
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e /e̞/
|-
![[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|a /æ/
|}

In many analyses, Amafjk vowels are said to have secondary phonemic status due to the fact that the vast majority of roots in the language are vowelless before the application of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]], as well as the fact that sentences can have the vowels of their transfixes freely exchanged without changing the meaning, so long as the relations between transfix vowels (i.e. which ones do and do not match) remain unchanged. However, vowels occasionally do appear in roots and have semantically meaningful minimal pairs, such as ''fjm–kx–'' (sp. of fish) and ''fam–kx–'' ([[w:Promontory|promontory]]).

Amafjk's syllable structure is (C)V(C), with consecutive vowels being prohibited.

=== Allophony ===

As a result of its small phonemic inventory, the phonemes of Amafjk are often quite fluid in pronunciation, and in informal speech each one tends to have free variation between a large range of realizations. Most commonly, they are limited to the following ranges, but exceptions can be found in highly informal speech.

* '''m''': any nasal fricative or approximant, excluding fricative trills
* '''n''': any nasal stop or nasal tap
* '''t''': either any non-guttural stop, or any non-prenasalized stop. Most often, it is in the intersection of these two groups.
* '''k''': any prenasalized guttural stop
* '''f''': any non-dorsal non-trill fricative or non-dorsal approximant
* '''s''': any trill
* '''x''': any dorsal fricative or approximant
* '''j''': any close vowel
* '''i''': any near-close or close-mid vowel
* '''e''': any mid or open-mid vowel
* '''a''': any near-open or open vowel

==== Formal pronunciations ====

Allophony in acrolectal forms spoken in Xassj Efjnes is rather complex, entailing several [[w:Feeding order|feeding]] and [[w:Bleeding order|bleeding orders]]. The order of rule application is as follows:

* Clusters of two plosives become a geminate form of the second plosive.
* Vowels before dorsal or guttural sounds are backed.
* The vowels of a given word undergo a process called iterative dissimilation. First, even-numbered vowels in sequences of two or more front vowels (ignoring any intermediary consonants) are backed, and then the same process is applied with fronting of alternating vowels in sequences of two or more back vowels. For instance, the word ''sefjfsakj'', which becomes [r̝̊eɸiɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi] after the first two allophony rules, becomes [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi], then [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊æᵑkˣi].
* /ɾ̃/ becomes [ŋ] before back vowels.
* /x̪͆/ becomes [j] after vowels other than /i/.
* Various simple contextual changes are applied, shown in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! word-initial
! after mora gap
! intervocalic
! word-final
|-
! /ṽ/
| [β̞̃]
|
|
|
|-
! /ɾ̃/
|
| [ʀ̆̃]
|
| [ŋ]
|-
! /tˣ/
|
| [bˠ]
| [dˠ]
| [t]
|-
! /ᵑkˣ/
|
|
| [ᵑgˠ]
| [ᵑk]
|-
! /ɸ/
| [s]
| [s]
| [ɹ]
|
|-
! /r̝̊/
| [ʜ]
| [ʜ]
|
|
|-
! /x̪͆/
| [ɰ]
|
|
|
|}

* Vowels before [j] are raised.
* [ɸ] is elided postvocalically, and the previous vowel is given [[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]].
* Epenthetic [ɡ] is added before words which begin with a vowel.
* In sequences of a vowel and a nasal or prenasalized consonant, the vowel is nasalized and the consonant loses its nasal quality.
* Velar aspiration is lost word-finally.

=== Prosody ===

Amafjk is a [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-timed language. In the Amafjk system, which includes half-morae, syllables are divided into three sizes: ultralight (half a mora), light (one mora), and heavy (one and a half morae). In addition, a mora can be classified as fixed or movable – the distinction, however, only exists in light morae, as all ultralight or heavy morae are inherently movable.

The ultralight morae are limited to the plosives /tˣ/ and /ᵑkˣ/ in coda position. Light morae include all syllable bodies (onset-nucleus combinations as well as standalone nuclei), with the exception of those with /r̝̊/ as the onset, as well as all codas with the exceptions of /tˣ/, /ᵑkˣ/ and /r̝̊/. The only heavy morae are the aforementioned /r̝̊V/ bodies and /r̝̊/ in coda position.

A nucleus without an onset is the only movable light mora. Movability refers to whether or not a mora's timing will be "quantized" to the following one-mora unit if it is placed immediately after a mora whose ending is not unit-aligned: fixed morae will be quantized, while movable morae will not. The distinction is best demonstrated with a few illustrative examples:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt efjnes'' "three clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 7 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 8 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='2' | e || || colspan='2' | fj || colspan='2' | ne || colspan='3' | s
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt sjkke'' "four clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt mjtex'' "five clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || || colspan='2' | mj || colspan='2' | te || colspan='2' | x
|}

==== Stress and timing ====

In syllable timing, all coda consonants are transferred to the preceding mora, and all half-aligned morae are rounded down to the next-earliest unit multiple. For instance:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xjt || colspan='6' | sjk || colspan = '2' | ke
|}

Stress is on the second mora of the word, or if this would be a coda mora, stress is moved to the first. For this reason, the capped form of "black" ''natat'' is stressed as ''na-tá-t'' but the uncapped form ''nattj'' is stressed as ''ná-t-tj''.

== Morphology ==

The morphology of the Amafjk language is based extensively upon transfixation, with almost all words, accounting for the exception of a handful of particles, being comprised of a discontinuous root intercalated with vowels which indicate syntactic connections. Although the use of a root-and-pattern system is superficially similar to some languages such as [[Tova language|Tova]], an analog for the treatment of vowels has not been demonstrated in any other natural language, aside from possibly the (PLACEHOLDER) language, though this is uncertain due to the lack of attestation.

=== Terminology ===

Due to this idiosyncrasy, technical terminology has been developed for analysis of Amafjk grammar. Vowels which are not part of the root itself but are instead transfixed are referred to as "nodes", and these can be further specified by stating the vowel which is used to indicate them – for instance, a node which is marked using the phoneme /i/ would be known as a J-node. Nodes are further classified based on their polarity, a criterion which indicates which other nodes they are capable of forming connections with. Per common convention, the two nodes of an ordinary binodal word (such as the vast majority of nominals) are used as the benchmark for any other node's polarity: the left node of such a term is considered a positive node, and the right is considered negative. These two terms can be combined, such that one can speak of a "positive E-node".

=== Nodal connections ===

Under ordinary circumstances, any newly-added node will form connections with all nodes which are of the same vowel and opposite polarity. Take, for instance, the sentence fragment ''kaxjt sjkke'', meaning "four clouds". The first word, ''kaxjt'', consists of the root ''k–x–t'' (cloud) with two nodes added: a positive A-node and a negative J-node. The second word, ''sjkke'', consists of the root ''s–kk–'' (four, tetrad, quartet) supplemented with a positive J-node and a negative E-node. When it is added to the sentence, the positive J-node of ''sjkke'' forms a connection with the negative J-node of ''kaxjt'', indicating a syntactic connection. The grammatical significance of these syntactic connections varies based on their directionality as well as the parts of speech of the words which are linked, and in this case, as a nominal-to-nominal connection, the fragment indicates that the positive-side nominal forms an appositive expression to the head nominal on the negative side – i.e., "clouds, a quartet", or translated more idiomatically, "four clouds". Due to the fact that connections can be formed starting from either direction, it is also valid to express this as ''sjkke kaxjt''.

==== Exceptions ====

There are a few mechanisms in Amafjk to prevent the formation of connections in circumstances in which they would normally occur. The most common of these is the cap particle, which causes all previously-constructed nodes of a certain vowel and polarity to become incapable of forming new connections (though it does not apply to nodes that are constructed later, causing this to be one of the handful of circumstances in which word order is significant in Amafjk). The particle which applies to negative nodes is ''f–'', with the targeted vowel being placed in the empty node slot; for positive nodes, ''–n'' is used instead.

For a more temporary solution, there exists a pair of particles ''n–kj'' and ''sen'', which constitute a sort of spoken brackets, and thus another instance in which word order is relevant. Words which are enclosed between these two particles cannot form connections to those which are outside of this enclosure, with the exception of connections that are formed between nodes whose vowel matches the vowel which is inserted into the root ''n–kj''. For example, if the particle ''nakj'' was used, A-nodes of opposite polarities could connect regardless of if one is inside the enclosure while the other is outside, but the same could not be said of nodes of the other three vowels. ''n–kj''-''sen'' pairs can be nested, although this rarely occurs in practice.

The application of a cap can also be done to a single word by metathesizing the last two sounds of a word to cap its negative pole(s), supposing this does not violate the language's phonotactics. For instance, the name Amafjk actually comes from the root –m–fkj, altered to indicate that the negative A-node is incapable of creating connections.

== Parts of speech ==

Due to its unorthodox structure, Amafjk has some parts of speech that are specific to itself, but most overlap with the divisions of other natural languages.

=== Nominals ===

Nominals are typically binodal, with positive-to-negative connections indicating the positive-side nominal modifying the negative-side. This part of speech encompasses the functionalities of both nouns and adjectives in Amafjk, with almost all nominals having both an adjectival and standalone meaning. Usually, these meanings are trivial, with a word meaning "X" as an adjective tending to mean "someone/something which is X" as a noun – for example, as stated above, the root ''s–kk–'' denotes either "four" or "quartet" depending on its context. Nonetheless, there are also some lexicalizations such as ''k–mn–'' "gray; seal (i.e. the gray one)" and some apparently irregular correspondences such as ''–ms–'' "glass; crooked". When used to modify a nominal that is itself used adjectivally, it takes on an adverbial meaning of "in an X way".

Some uninodal nominals also exist, which can be either positive or negative. Positive uninodals are typically highly abstract adjectives that do not have a clear meaning for nominal equivalents by virtue of the adjective having different meanings depending on the noun it modifies, such as ''s–x–x'' "cold (of places); holy (of people and things)", as well as various determiners and nominal particles that pattern as adjectives, such as ''t–k'' "of some sort" or the nominal tense marker ''–m'' "-to-be". Negative uninodals are much rarer, consisting of a handful of nouns considered "highly animate", such as kinship terms, pronouns, deities, and a few natural phenomena (such as ''t–ntj'' "wind").

Amafjk language

2024-10-20T21:13:07Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Amafjk|NativeLanguage=Amafjk / sataxjx Jmefjk|Speakers=416,000|LanguageFamily=[[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]] (disputed)|WritingSystem=[[Amafjk script]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Matkha]]|3Lettercode=AMA}}
'''Amafjk''' (pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/æṽæɸiᵑkˣ/]]; or ''sataxjx Jmefjk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/r̝̊ætˣæx̪͆ix̪͆ iṽeɸiᵑkˣ/]]) is the de facto [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]] of [[Matkha]] and the official language of [[Tantj Tasfemjx Province]]. It is spoken natively by 92% of Tantj Tasfemjx Province and 65% of the [[Scattered Islands Census Area]], and the overwhelming majority of Matkhans are either conversational or fluent in the language.

Amafjk is generally considered to be a [[w:Language isolate|language isolate]], or otherwise part of a tentative microfamily known as [[East Matkhan languages|East Matkhan]] containing itself and (PLACEHOLDER), the latter of which is only attested in toponyms, anthroponyms, and a transcription of a song found in (BOOK PLACEHOLDER). However, recent scholarship has attempted to link the language to the [[Ngyoic languages]] under the [[Macro-Matkhan languages|Macro-Matkhan]] phylum, though this theory remains highly contested.

== Phonology ==

Amafjk is typically analyzed as having 11 phonemes, giving it the second smallest phoneme inventory of any attested natural language, solely surpassed by the [[Seŋoŋ language]] spoken in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. These phonemes are divided into 7 consonants and 4 vowels.

=== Consonants ===

The consonants, and their underlying pronunciations in [[Xassj Efjnes]] dialect, are given here.

{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|'''m''' /ṽ/
|'''n''' /ɾ̃/
|
|-
![[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
|
|'''t''' /tˣ/{{efn|group=cons|name=vasp|Has [[w:Lakota language#Consonants|velar aspiration]].}}
|'''k''' /ᵑkˣ/{{efn|name=vasp}}
|-
![[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|'''f''' /ɸ/
|'''s''' /r̝̊/{{efn|group=cons|A [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill|fricative trill]].}}
|'''x''' /x̪͆/
|}

{{notelist|group=cons}}

=== Vowels ===

Amafjk has a [[w:Vertical vowel system|vertical vowel system]].

{| class="wikitable"
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|j /i/
|-
![[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|i /ɪ/
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e /e̞/
|-
![[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|a /æ/
|}

In many analyses, Amafjk vowels are said to have secondary phonemic status due to the fact that the vast majority of roots in the language are vowelless before the application of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]], as well as the fact that sentences can have the vowels of their transfixes freely exchanged without changing the meaning, so long as the relations between transfix vowels (i.e. which ones do and do not match) remain unchanged. However, vowels occasionally do appear in roots and have semantically meaningful minimal pairs, such as ''fjm–kx–'' (sp. of fish) and ''fam–kx–'' ([[w:Promontory|promontory]]).

Amafjk's syllable structure is (C)V(C), with consecutive vowels being prohibited.

=== Allophony ===

As a result of its small phonemic inventory, the phonemes of Amafjk are often quite fluid in pronunciation, and in informal speech each one tends to have free variation between a large range of realizations. Most commonly, they are limited to the following ranges, but exceptions can be found in highly informal speech.

* '''m''': any nasal fricative or approximant, excluding fricative trills
* '''n''': any nasal stop or nasal tap
* '''t''': either any non-guttural stop, or any non-prenasalized stop. Most often, it is in the intersection of these two groups.
* '''k''': any prenasalized guttural stop
* '''f''': any non-dorsal non-trill fricative or non-dorsal approximant
* '''s''': any trill
* '''x''': any dorsal fricative or approximant
* '''j''': any close vowel
* '''i''': any near-close or close-mid vowel
* '''e''': any mid or open-mid vowel
* '''a''': any near-open or open vowel

==== Formal pronunciations ====

Allophony in acrolectal forms spoken in Xassj Efjnes is rather complex, entailing several [[w:Feeding order|feeding]] and [[w:Bleeding order|bleeding orders]]. The order of rule application is as follows:

* Clusters of two plosives become a geminate form of the second plosive.
* Vowels before dorsal or guttural sounds are backed.
* The vowels of a given word undergo a process called iterative dissimilation. First, even-numbered vowels in sequences of two or more front vowels (ignoring any intermediary consonants) are backed, and then the same process is applied with fronting of alternating vowels in sequences of two or more back vowels. For instance, the word ''sefjfsakj'', which becomes [r̝̊eɸiɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi] after the first two allophony rules, becomes [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi], then [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊æᵑkˣi].
* /ɾ̃/ becomes [ŋ] before back vowels.
* /x̪͆/ becomes [j] after vowels other than /i/.
* Various simple contextual changes are applied, shown in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! word-initial
! after mora gap
! intervocalic
! word-final
|-
! /ṽ/
| [β̞̃]
|
|
|
|-
! /ɾ̃/
|
| [ʀ̆̃]
|
| [ŋ]
|-
! /tˣ/
|
| [bˠ]
| [dˠ]
| [t]
|-
! /ᵑkˣ/
|
|
| [ᵑgˠ]
| [ᵑk]
|-
! /ɸ/
| [s]
| [s]
| [ɹ]
|
|-
! /r̝̊/
| [ʜ]
| [ʜ]
|
|
|-
! /x̪͆/
| [ɰ]
|
|
|
|}

* Vowels before [j] are raised.
* [ɸ] is elided postvocalically, and the previous vowel is given [[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]].
* Epenthetic [ɡ] is added before words which begin with a vowel.
* In sequences of a vowel and a nasal or prenasalized consonant, the vowel is nasalized and the consonant loses its nasal quality.
* Velar aspiration is lost word-finally.

=== Prosody ===

Amafjk is a [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-timed language. In the Amafjk system, which includes half-morae, syllables are divided into three sizes: ultralight (half a mora), light (one mora), and heavy (one and a half morae). In addition, a mora can be classified as fixed or movable – the distinction, however, only exists in light morae, as all ultralight or heavy morae are inherently movable.

The ultralight morae are limited to the plosives /tˣ/ and /ᵑkˣ/ in coda position. Light morae include all syllable bodies (onset-nucleus combinations as well as standalone nuclei), with the exception of those with /r̝̊/ as the onset, as well as all codas with the exceptions of /tˣ/, /ᵑkˣ/ and /r̝̊/. The only heavy morae are the aforementioned /r̝̊V/ bodies and /r̝̊/ in coda position.

A nucleus without an onset is the only movable light mora. Movability refers to whether or not a mora's timing will be "quantized" to the following one-mora unit if it is placed immediately after a mora whose ending is not unit-aligned: fixed morae will be quantized, while movable morae will not. The distinction is best demonstrated with a few illustrative examples:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt efjnes'' "three clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 7 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 8 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='2' | e || || colspan='2' | fj || colspan='2' | ne || colspan='3' | s
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt sjkke'' "four clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt mjtex'' "five clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || || colspan='2' | mj || colspan='2' | te || colspan='2' | x
|}

==== Stress and timing ====

In syllable timing, all coda consonants are transferred to the preceding mora, and all half-aligned morae are rounded down to the next-earliest unit multiple. For instance:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xjt || colspan='6' | sjk || colspan = '2' | ke
|}

Stress is on the second mora of the word, or if this would be a coda mora, stress is moved to the first. For this reason, the capped form of "black" ''natat'' is stressed as ''na-tá-t'' but the uncapped form ''nattj'' is stressed as ''ná-t-tj''.

== Morphology ==

The morphology of the Amafjk language is based extensively upon transfixation, with almost all words, accounting for the exception of a handful of particles, being comprised of a discontinuous root intercalated with vowels which indicate syntactic connections. Although the use of a root-and-pattern system is superficially similar to some languages such as [[Tova language|Tova]], an analog for the treatment of vowels has not been demonstrated in any other natural language, aside from possibly the (PLACEHOLDER) language, though this is uncertain due to the lack of attestation.

=== Terminology ===

Due to this idiosyncrasy, technical terminology has been developed for analysis of Amafjk grammar. Vowels which are not part of the root itself but are instead transfixed are referred to as "nodes", and these can be further specified by stating the vowel which is used to indicate them – for instance, a node which is marked using the phoneme /i/ would be known as a J-node. Nodes are further classified based on their polarity, a criterion which indicates which other nodes they are capable of forming connections with. Per common convention, the two nodes of an ordinary binodal word (such as the vast majority of nominals) are used as the benchmark for any other node's polarity: the left node of such a term is considered a positive node, and the right is considered negative. These two terms can be combined, such that one can speak of a "positive E-node".

=== Nodal connections ===

Under ordinary circumstances, any newly-added node will form connections with all nodes which are of the same vowel and opposite polarity. Take, for instance, the sentence fragment ''kaxjt sjkke'', meaning "four clouds". The first word, ''kaxjt'', consists of the root ''k–x–t'' (cloud) with two nodes added: a positive A-node and a negative J-node. The second word, ''sjkke'', consists of the root ''s–kk–'' (four, tetrad, quartet) supplemented with a positive J-node and a negative E-node. When it is added to the sentence, the positive J-node of ''sjkke'' forms a connection with the negative J-node of ''kaxjt'', indicating a syntactic connection. The grammatical significance of these syntactic connections varies based on their directionality as well as the parts of speech of the words which are linked, and in this case, as a nominal-to-nominal connection, the fragment indicates that the positive-side nominal forms an appositive expression to the head nominal on the negative side – i.e., "clouds, a quartet", or translated more idiomatically, "four clouds". Due to the fact that connections can be formed starting from either direction, it is also valid to express this as ''sjkke kaxjt''.

==== Exceptions ====

There are a few mechanisms in Amafjk to prevent the formation of connections in circumstances in which they would normally occur. The most common of these is the cap particle, which causes all previously-constructed nodes of a certain vowel and polarity to become incapable of forming new connections (though it does not apply to nodes that are constructed later, causing this to be one of the handful of circumstances in which word order is significant in Amafjk). The particle which applies to negative nodes is ''f–'', with the targeted vowel being placed in the empty node slot; for positive nodes, ''–n'' is used instead.

For a more temporary solution, there exists a pair of particles ''n–kj'' and ''sen'', which constitute a sort of spoken brackets, and thus another instance in which word order is relevant. Words which are enclosed between these two particles cannot form connections to those which are outside of this enclosure, with the exception of connections that are formed between nodes whose vowel matches the vowel which is inserted into the root ''n–kj''. For example, if the particle ''nakj'' was used, A-nodes of opposite polarities could connect regardless of if one is inside the enclosure while the other is outside, but the same could not be said of nodes of the other three vowels. ''n–kj''-''sen'' pairs can be nested, although this rarely occurs in practice.

The application of a cap can also be done to a single word by metathesizing the last two sounds of a word to cap its negative pole(s), supposing this does not violate the language's phonotactics. For instance, the name Amafjk actually comes from the root –m–fkj, altered to indicate that the negative A-node is incapable of creating connections.

== Parts of speech ==

Due to its unorthodox structure, Amafjk has some parts of speech that are specific to itself, but most overlap with the divisions of other natural languages.

=== Nominals ===

Nominals are typically binodal, with positive-to-negative connections indicating the positive-side nominal modifying the negative-side. This part of speech encompasses the functionalities of both nouns and adjectives in Amafjk, with almost all nominals having both an adjectival and standalone meaning. Usually, these meanings are trivial, with a word meaning "X" as an adjective tending to mean "someone/something which is X" as a noun – for example, as stated above, the root ''s–kk–'' denotes either "four" or "quartet" depending on its context. Nonetheless, there are also some lexicalizations such as ''k–mn–'' "gray; seal (i.e. the gray one)" and some apparently irregular correspondences such as ''–ms–'' "glass; crooked". When used to modify a nominal that is itself used adjectivally, it takes on an adverbial meaning of "in an X way".

Some uninodal nominals also exist, which can be either positive or negative. Positive uninodals are typically highly abstract adjectives that do not have a clear meaning for nominal equivalents by virtue of the adjective having different meanings depending on the noun it modifies, such as ''s–x–x'' "cold (of places); holy (of people and things)", as well as various determiners and nominal particles that pattern as adjectives, such as ''t–k'' "of some sort" or the nominal tense marker ''–m'' "-to-be". Negative uninodals are much rarer, consisting of a handful of nouns considered "highly animate", such as kinship terms, pronouns, deities, and a few natural phenomena (such as ''t–ntj'' "wind").

Amafjk language

2024-10-20T20:15:17Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Amafjk|NativeLanguage=Amafjk / sataxjx Jmefjk|Speakers=416,000|LanguageFamily=[[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]] (disputed)|WritingSystem=[[Amafjk script]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Matkha]]|3Lettercode=AMA}}
'''Amafjk''' (pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/æṽæɸiᵑkˣ/]]; or ''sataxjx Jmefjk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/r̝̊ætˣæx̪͆ix̪͆ iṽeɸiᵑkˣ/]]) is the de facto [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]] of [[Matkha]] and the official language of [[Tantj Tasfemjx Province]]. It is spoken natively by 92% of Tantj Tasfemjx Province and 65% of the [[Scattered Islands Census Area]], and the overwhelming majority of Matkhans are either conversational or fluent in the language.

Amafjk is generally considered to be a [[w:Language isolate|language isolate]], or otherwise part of a tentative microfamily known as [[East Matkhan languages|East Matkhan]] containing itself and (PLACEHOLDER), the latter of which is only attested in toponyms, anthroponyms, and a transcription of a song found in (BOOK PLACEHOLDER). However, recent scholarship has attempted to link the language to the [[Ngyoic languages]] under the [[Macro-Matkhan languages|Macro-Matkhan]] phylum, though this theory remains highly contested.

== Phonology ==

Amafjk is typically analyzed as having 11 phonemes, giving it the second smallest phoneme inventory of any attested natural language, solely surpassed by the [[Seŋoŋ language]] spoken in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. These phonemes are divided into 7 consonants and 4 vowels.

=== Consonants ===

The consonants, and their underlying pronunciations in [[Xassj Efjnes]] dialect, are given here.

{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|'''m''' /ṽ/
|'''n''' /ɾ̃/
|
|-
![[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
|
|'''t''' /tˣ/{{efn|group=cons|name=vasp|Has [[w:Lakota language#Consonants|velar aspiration]].}}
|'''k''' /ᵑkˣ/{{efn|name=vasp}}
|-
![[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|'''f''' /ɸ/
|'''s''' /r̝̊/{{efn|group=cons|A [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill|fricative trill]].}}
|'''x''' /x̪͆/
|}

{{notelist|group=cons}}

=== Vowels ===

Amafjk has a [[w:Vertical vowel system|vertical vowel system]].

{| class="wikitable"
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|j /i/
|-
![[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|i /ɪ/
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e /e̞/
|-
![[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|a /æ/
|}

In many analyses, Amafjk vowels are said to have secondary phonemic status due to the fact that the vast majority of roots in the language are vowelless before the application of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]], as well as the fact that sentences can have the vowels of their transfixes freely exchanged without changing the meaning, so long as the relations between transfix vowels (i.e. which ones do and do not match) remain unchanged. However, vowels occasionally do appear in roots and have semantically meaningful minimal pairs, such as ''fjm–kx–'' (sp. of fish) and ''fam–kx–'' ([[w:Promontory|promontory]]).

=== Allophony ===

As a result of its small phonemic inventory, the phonemes of Amafjk are often quite fluid in pronunciation, and in informal speech each one tends to have free variation between a large range of realizations. Most commonly, they are limited to the following ranges, but exceptions can be found in highly informal speech.

* '''m''': any nasal fricative or approximant, excluding fricative trills
* '''n''': any nasal stop or nasal tap
* '''t''': either any non-guttural stop, or any non-prenasalized stop. Most often, it is in the intersection of these two groups.
* '''k''': any prenasalized guttural stop
* '''f''': any non-dorsal non-trill fricative or non-dorsal approximant
* '''s''': any trill
* '''x''': any dorsal fricative or approximant
* '''j''': any close vowel
* '''i''': any near-close or close-mid vowel
* '''e''': any mid or open-mid vowel
* '''a''': any near-open or open vowel

==== Formal pronunciations ====

Allophony in acrolectal forms spoken in Xassj Efjnes is rather complex, entailing several [[w:Feeding order|feeding]] and [[w:Bleeding order|bleeding orders]]. The order of rule application is as follows:

* Clusters of two plosives become a geminate form of the second plosive.
* Vowels before dorsal or guttural sounds are backed.
* The vowels of a given word undergo a process called iterative dissimilation. First, even-numbered vowels in sequences of two or more front vowels (ignoring any intermediary consonants) are backed, and then the same process is applied with fronting of alternating vowels in sequences of two or more back vowels. For instance, the word ''sefjfsakj'', which becomes [r̝̊eɸiɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi] after the first two allophony rules, becomes [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi], then [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊æᵑkˣi].
* /ɾ̃/ becomes [ŋ] before back vowels.
* /x̪͆/ becomes [j] after vowels other than /i/.
* Various simple contextual changes are applied, shown in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! word-initial
! after mora gap
! intervocalic
! word-final
|-
! /ṽ/
| [β̞̃]
|
|
|
|-
! /ɾ̃/
|
| [ʀ̆̃]
|
| [ŋ]
|-
! /tˣ/
|
| [bˠ]
| [dˠ]
| [t]
|-
! /ᵑkˣ/
|
|
| [ᵑgˠ]
| [ᵑk]
|-
! /ɸ/
| [s]
| [s]
| [ɹ]
|
|-
! /r̝̊/
| [ʜ]
| [ʜ]
|
|
|-
! /x̪͆/
| [ɰ]
|
|
|
|}

* Vowels before [j] are raised.
* [ɸ] is elided postvocalically, and the previous vowel is given [[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]].
* Epenthetic [ɡ] is added before words which begin with a vowel.
* In sequences of a vowel and a nasal or prenasalized consonant, the vowel is nasalized and the consonant loses its nasal quality.
* Velar aspiration is lost word-finally.

=== Prosody ===

Amafjk is a [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-timed language. In the Amafjk system, which includes half-morae, syllables are divided into three sizes: ultralight (half a mora), light (one mora), and heavy (one and a half morae). In addition, a mora can be classified as fixed or movable – the distinction, however, only exists in light morae, as all ultralight or heavy morae are inherently movable.

The ultralight morae are limited to the plosives /tˣ/ and /ᵑkˣ/ in coda position. Light morae include all syllable bodies (onset-nucleus combinations as well as standalone nuclei), with the exception of those with /r̝̊/ as the onset, as well as all codas with the exceptions of /tˣ/, /ᵑkˣ/ and /r̝̊/. The only heavy morae are the aforementioned /r̝̊V/ bodies and /r̝̊/ in coda position.

A nucleus without an onset is the only movable light mora. Movability refers to whether or not a mora's timing will be "quantized" to the following one-mora unit if it is placed immediately after a mora whose ending is not unit-aligned: fixed morae will be quantized, while movable morae will not. The distinction is best demonstrated with a few illustrative examples:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt efjnes'' "three clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 7 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 8 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='2' | e || || colspan='2' | fj || colspan='2' | ne || colspan='3' | s
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt sjkke'' "four clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt mjtex'' "five clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || || colspan='2' | mj || colspan='2' | te || colspan='2' | x
|}

==== Stress and timing ====

In syllable timing, all coda consonants are transferred to the preceding mora, and all half-aligned morae are rounded down to the next-earliest unit multiple. For instance:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xjt || colspan='6' | sjk || colspan = '2' | ke
|}

Stress is on the second mora of the word, or if this would be a coda mora, stress is moved to the first. For this reason, the capped form of "black" ''natat'' is stressed as ''na-tá-t'' but the uncapped form ''nattj'' is stressed as ''ná-t-tj''.

== Morphology ==

The morphology of the Amafjk language is based extensively upon transfixation, with almost all words, accounting for the exception of a handful of particles, being comprised of a discontinuous root intercalated with vowels which indicate syntactic connections. Although the use of a root-and-pattern system is superficially similar to some languages such as [[Tova language|Tova]], an analog for the treatment of vowels has not been demonstrated in any other natural language, aside from possibly the (PLACEHOLDER) language, though this is uncertain due to the lack of attestation.

=== Terminology ===

Due to this idiosyncrasy, technical terminology has been developed for analysis of Amafjk grammar. Vowels which are not part of the root itself but are instead transfixed are referred to as "nodes", and these can be further specified by stating the vowel which is used to indicate them – for instance, a node which is marked using the phoneme /i/ would be known as a J-node. Nodes are further classified based on their polarity, a criterion which indicates which other nodes they are capable of forming connections with. Per common convention, the two nodes of an ordinary binodal word (such as the vast majority of nominals) are used as the benchmark for any other node's polarity: the left node of such a term is considered a positive node, and the right is considered negative. These two terms can be combined, such that one can speak of a "positive E-node".

=== Nodal connections ===

Under ordinary circumstances, any newly-added node will form connections with all nodes which are of the same vowel and opposite polarity. Take, for instance, the sentence fragment ''kaxjt sjkke'', meaning "four clouds". The first word, ''kaxjt'', consists of the root ''k–x–t'' (cloud) with two nodes added: a positive A-node and a negative J-node. The second word, ''sjkke'', consists of the root ''s–kk–'' (four, tetrad, quartet) supplemented with a positive J-node and a negative E-node. When it is added to the sentence, the positive J-node of ''sjkke'' forms a connection with the negative J-node of ''kaxjt'', indicating a syntactic connection. The grammatical significance of these syntactic connections varies based on their directionality as well as the parts of speech of the words which are linked, and in this case, as a nominal-to-nominal connection, the fragment indicates that the positive-side nominal forms an appositive expression to the head nominal on the negative side – i.e., "clouds, a quartet", or translated more idiomatically, "four clouds". Due to the fact that connections can be formed starting from either direction, it is also valid to express this as ''sjkke kaxjt''.

==== Exceptions ====

There are a few mechanisms in Amafjk to prevent the formation of connections in circumstances in which they would normally occur. The most common of these is the cap particle, which causes all previously-constructed nodes of a certain vowel and polarity to become incapable of forming new connections (though it does not apply to nodes that are constructed later, causing this to be one of the handful of circumstances in which word order is significant in Amafjk). The particle which applies to negative nodes is ''f–'', with the targeted vowel being placed in the empty node slot; for positive nodes, ''–n'' is used instead.

For a more temporary solution, there exists a pair of particles ''n–kj'' and ''sen'', which constitute a sort of spoken brackets, and thus another instance in which word order is relevant. Words which are enclosed between these two particles cannot form connections to those which are outside of this enclosure, with the exception of connections that are formed between nodes whose vowel matches the vowel which is inserted into the root ''n–kj''. For example, if the particle ''nakj'' was used, A-nodes of opposite polarities could connect regardless of if one is inside the enclosure while the other is outside, but the same could not be said of nodes of the other three vowels. ''n–kj''-''sen'' pairs can be nested, although this rarely occurs in practice.

The application of a cap can also be done to a single word by metathesizing the last two sounds of a word to cap its negative pole(s), supposing this does not violate the language's phonotactics. For instance, the name Amafjk actually comes from the root –m–fkj, altered to indicate that the negative A-node is incapable of creating connections.

== Parts of speech ==

Due to its unorthodox structure, Amafjk has some parts of speech that are specific to itself, but most overlap with the divisions of other natural languages.

=== Nominals ===

Nominals are typically binodal, with positive-to-negative connections indicating the positive-side nominal modifying the negative-side. This part of speech encompasses the functionalities of both nouns and adjectives in Amafjk, with almost all nominals having both an adjectival and standalone meaning. Usually, these meanings are trivial, with a word meaning "X" as an adjective tending to mean "someone/something which is X" as a noun – for example, as stated above, the root ''s–kk–'' denotes either "four" or "quartet" depending on its context.

Kzmr calendar

2024-10-17T19:24:43Z

Kazimir:

The '''Kzmr calendar''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: ''hvmk'asdti'') is a system of two interlocking calendars, one [[w:Lunar calendar|lunar]] and one [[w:Solar calendar|solar]]. Traditionally, the lunar aspect of the calendar is used for festivals whereas the solar is used for agricultural purposes.

== Solar calendar ==

The Kzmr solar calendar, known as ''hvmk'asdti sphk'', is a 365-day cycle divided into eight months and four additional days which roughly correspond to the solstices and equinoxes. In the months leading up to a solstice day the days are counted backwards; for instance, the first day of Mfanrh is called Mfanrh 45.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Month
! Days
|-
| rowspan="3" | Summer (''th'')
| Mfath
| 46–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rmath
|-
| Bstath
| 1–45
|-
| rowspan="3" | Fall ('''sþbhi'')
| Mfa'sþbhi
| 45–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rma'sþbhi
|-
| Bsta'sþbhi
| 1–45
|-
| rowspan="3" | Winter (''sv'')
| Mfasv
| 45–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rmasv
|-
| Bstasv
| 1–45
|-
| rowspan="3" | Spring (''nrh'')
| Mfanrh
| 45–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rmanrh
|-
| Bstanrh
| 1–45
|}

In years that are equal to 0, 4, 8, or 13 [[w:Modulo|modulo]] 17, an additional day after Rmath is added called Ptmurmath.

== Lunar calendar ==

The Kzmr lunar calendar, known as ''hvmk'asdti ngk'', does not actually attempt to reflect the astronomical year, but rather is a 148-day cycle divided into five periods lasting roughly a lunar month.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Days
|-
| Ng Kžri (red moon)
| 30
|-
| Ng Žrxci (gray moon)
| 30
|-
| Ng Krn (black moon)
| 29
|-
| Ng Hšri (blue moon)
| 29
|-
| Ng Hrhi (white moon)
| 30
|}

== Weekdays ==

The nine days of the Kzmr week are named after the nine [[w:Classical planet|classical planets]] visible to [[Kaneedkind#Xeric_Kaneeds|xeric Kaneeds]], and are as follows:
# Ngkahvm (day of the Moon)
# 'Tdkuhvm (day of Mercury)
# Sgrkuhvm (day of Venus)
# Sphkahvm (day of the Sun)
# 'Hhgrgkihvm (day of Mars)
# 'Hntkuhvm (day of Vesta)
# Fbrgkyhvm (day of Jupiter)
# 'Zhkahvm (day of Saturn)
# 'Knkahvm (day of Uranus)

Kzmr

2024-10-17T17:32:23Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr Confederation' redirects here. For the state prior to accession to the Democratic Union of Baphia, see [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)]].''
{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Kzmr Confederation|DependencyType=|Capital=[[Srn]]|Demonym=[[Kkzmrš|Kzmrš]]|Language=[[Kzmr language|Kzmr]] [[Baphian language|Baphian]]|Species=[[kaneedkind#Xeric Kaneeds|Xeric Kaneed]]|UnrecLanguage=[[Jkawi language|Jkawi]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Devolution|Devolved]] [[w:Confederation|confederation]] of [[Clan (Kzmr)|clans]]|Area=5.8 million km²|Population=2.6 million}}
'''Kzmr''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''Smph Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[səmapa kəzamrak]]]), officially the '''Kzmr Confederation''', is a sovereign state in western [[Ukilen]], sharing a land border with [[Jkawi]] to its south and [[Baphia]] to its east, and a maritime border with the [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]] island of [[Sakle]] to its southwest. Its capital, largest municipality, and sole inland permanent settlement is [[Srn]].

Organized as a confederation of nomadic [[clan (Kzmr)|clans]], of which there are currently seventy-four, the Kzmr Autonomous Country was formed when the earlier [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)|Kzmr Confederation]] joined the Democratic Union of Baphia in 1815. In 2024, it was removed from the Baphian union due to [[the Yugim crisis]].

== History ==

''Main article: [[History of Kzmr]]''

=== Prehistory ===

The first inhabitants of modern-day Kzmr were most likely proto-Kaneeds who left the [[Jyosti Islands]] during the [[Third Ukilen Migration]] circa 2500 BCE. These early settlers eventually diverged genetically to form the xeric Kaneed subspecies.

The earliest artifacts whose date can be properly ascertained are those from the [[Mount Rknu]] archaeological site, which includes a variety of objects such as ceramics and jewelry dating to roughly 2300 BCE. This is the [[w:Type site|type site]] for the eponymous [[Mount Rknu culture]], who unlike the modern Kkzmrš, are thought to have led a sedentary life at an extremely small population. Artifacts associated with the Mount Rknu culture are no longer attested after circa 2100 BCE, and some scholars propose that the sudden collapse of this culture resulted from a famine.

[[File:Stannite herder's crook.jpg|thumb|[[w:Cold working|Cold-worked]] [[w:stannite|stannite]] head of a Kzmr herder's crook, from the [[Museum of Early Ukilen]] in [[Turku]].]]
The nomadism of the modern Kkzmrš ostensibly began around 2000 BCE, as artifacts such as herder's crooks and tent stakes begin to become attested in this period. These [[proto-Kkzmrš]] eventually separated into the ancestral groups of the three modern morphs of xeric Kaneed, with the sophonts in the far northern tundra adapting as the Beringian Kaneeds and those in the desert and shrublands forming the Blanfordian and Karagan Kaneeds. In Kzmr oral traditions, the common ancestors of each of these groups are known as [[Mntmr]], [[Þsnmr]], and [[Fkshmr]] respectively.

=== Protohistory ===

Though internal historiography of Kzmr is extremely sparse until the formation of a unified Kzmr identity in the 16th century CE, precipitating the establishment of the Kzmr Confederation, there exists a rich body of oral history with relatively little variance between clans. In addition to this, sources from Baphian antiquity provide an external view of some eastern Kzmr clans.

==== East Ukilen raids ====
[[File:Bxvi.jpg|thumb|A set of modern-day ''bbxvi'' from northern Kzmr.]]
A great wealth of historiography, both internal and external, exists regarding the participation of various Kzmr clans and septs in the [[East Ukilen raids]], particularly the [[Raid of Bongsibon]] circa 100–250 CE. Unlike the longstanding tradition of [[Oryx raid|oryx raiding]], which to this day remains a typically nonviolent variety of theft, the actions of Kzmr razzieurs during this period were quite devastating to the local population, causing roughly half of the Kali casualties in the Raid of Bongsibon. Smaller-scale trans-Baphian razzias continued well into the Nth century. The spoils of these incursions, often goods which were unavailable or difficult in the desert climate, were particularly valuable to the Kkzmrš in this era, and the legacy of this unilateral transfer remains in Kzmr culture to this day. For instance, the ''[[bxvi]]'', a stringed instrument of [[Kzmr folk music]], is derived from the [[Kali viol]], first brought to Kzmr during these raids.

==== Warring Clans Era ====
The Warring Clans era began with the decline of the East Ukilen raids, a trend that led to an increased population from returning razzieurs in conjunction with the gradual exhaustion of Bongsibon’s more important resources. The resulting resource crisis, roughly lasting from 270 to 285 CE, is known as the [[Kzmr Famine]]. Exacerbated by historical [[w:Overgrazing|overgrazing]] and the resultant period of sandstorms known as the [[Years of Dust]], the paucity of reliable food caused an upsurge in oryx raiding. Even after the Kzmr Famine, retaliatory actions prolonged the warring clans era.

[[File:Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor]].]]
These new inter-clan raids, ranging from minor skirmishes to standard warfare, stimulated the development of a [[w:Tribute|tributary system]] in Kzmr, in which more vulnerable septs or clans paid levies, usually in the form of dairy, livestock, or forageables, to their more militarily adept counterparts in exchange for a guarantee of protection by the [[w:Suzerainty|suzerain]]. In some cases, suzerains could themselves be tributaries of other septs or clans. This system allowed some suzerains to live a sedentary lifestyle off of these levies, prompting the construction of [[w:Manor house|manor houses]] which constitute the earliest permanent examples of [[Kzmr architecture]]. After the decline of the tributary system, the multiple manor houses at [[Srn]] and their surrounding villas remained inhabited by the courtiers and servants of their respective suzerains due to the existence of supporting agriculture and horticulture made possible by its oasis location.

==== Pax Casambriana ====
Roughly concurrent with the [[Baphia#Peace Era|peace era in Baphia]], the Pax Casambriana is generally accepted as beginning in 687 CE, with the armistice of the [[Hnþ–Bkršsg'attcsu feud]]. This era was characterized by extensive technological, artistic, and infrastructural development which set the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Kzmr Confederation. The development of the portable forge in the early eighth century allowed for the spread of more sophisticated forms of metallurgy to non-manorial groups, and writing became similarly widely accessible in the tenth century with the design of the [[Kzmr alphabet]] as a supplement to the [[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|traditional Ukilen]] script.

This era of technological progress was also stimulated by the formation of independent trades. In this period, members of a given clan had greater autonomy and could visit other clans without diplomatic concern, allowing for peripatetic work in exchange for food or goods, especially in the fields of textiles, metallurgy, and delivery. These itinerant workers eventually formed [[w:Guild|guilds]] which later evolved into the occupational [[Pseudoclan|pseudoclans]].

[[File:Pre-rococo robe, detail.jpg|thumb|Detail from a pre-rococo robe, c. 1533, from the [[Srn Fine Arts Center]].]]
The arts also flourished greatly in this period, with [[Kzmr music notation]] being invented by [[Phmihgþs]] in 922 CE, originally to transcribe [[Nrþk'irdu]] liturgical music. Eventually, it was extended to the creation of new motets, and soon after to the composition of secular music. Music of the Pax Casambriana was extremely varied and characterized by heavy experimentation, and the era gave rise to some of the most prolific composers in Kzmr history. The visual arts also underwent a revolution of their own, with the burgeoning guild system allowing specialization in textile art and metalwork. Artifacts from this time period include jewelry made from finely woven copper wire as well as oryx leather and felted rabbit fur embroidered by hand, of which the vegetation-inspired ornamentation was the prototype of the [[Kzmr rococo]] movement.

[[Category:Ukilen]]
[[Category:Country]]

Kzmr music

2024-10-17T17:32:15Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr music''' refers to the various musical traditions, past and present, of the [[Kkzmrš]], as well as other music written within the borders of [[Kzmr]]. Music is a highly important part of Kzmr culture, with many of the most famous examples of cultural heritage of the nation, such as reading of [[ššzþ]], [[Kzmr geomancy]], and [[Kzmr wrestling]], entailing music to some degree. Beyond this, music in Kzmr is often written and performed for its own sake in a wide variety of genres ranging from traditional [[w:Liturgical music|liturgical music]], to modern [[w:Popular music|popular]] forms such as the [[w:Song poem|song poem]] or [[w:Sentimental ballad|sentimental ballad]]. In the contemporary era, [[Srn]] has become an epicenter of musical experimentation, with a flourishing [[w:Noise music|noise music]] scene and the development of unique variants of [[Baphia|Baphian]]-influenced genres such as [[stuttercore]] and [[Baphian breakcore]].

== Traditional music ==

The traditional music of Kzmr is divided into several subgenres with their own unique traits, often so divergent from one another that it is difficult to name characteristics that encompass all Kzmr folk music. A few illustrative and particularly influential types will be discussed here.

=== Šzþ recitation ===
[[File:Fox Warrior Bottle MET DP102152.jpg|thumb|Bottle with a depiction of Sntp'ukžri, the titular hero of the [[Epic of Sntp'ukžri]] (''šzþ Sntp'ukžrki'').]]
The šzþ, or epic poem, is Kzmr's most ancient literary form, and the musical tradition that stems from it is thought to also be the oldest style of Kzmr music. Recitation of a šzþ is typically done in a sung fashion with unmetered time – emphasis can be given either by drawing out a syllable or perhaps adding a [[w:Melisma|melisma]], or by speeding through a long sequence of syllables in a short time to convey a feeling of agitation. The melody itself is sung with each syllable (or each division of a melisma) being assigned to to a successive note in a repeated ''trdrtu'' (lit. wheel), a concept corresponding to the ''[[w:Color_(medieval_music)#Color_(isorhythm)|color]]'' in an isorhythmic composition. Often, the ''trdrtu'' consists of a number of notes which is not a factor of the number of syllables in the line, which would cause the following line to start on a different note from the last. Three different strategies are commonly used when starting a new line:
* starting over at the beginning of the ''trdrtu'',
* allowing the ''trdrtu'' to continue in the next line, often used for a [[w:Enjambment|enjambment]]-like effect,
* or adding a rapid melisma at the end of the line to ensure that the first syllable of the next line is aligned with the first note of the ''trdrtu''.
Over time, a repertoire of semi-standardized ''ttrdrtu'' has developed, and each one is associated with its own mood and symbolism. Some are irrevocably tied to a single epic, or even a single scene, such as the ''trdrtu tnnk'agbhki'', which is almost exclusively used in performances of the stanzas of the [[Epic of Sntp'ukžri]] in which Sntp'ukžri kills the mythical dragon Þksamrn. Typically, a ''šzþcš'' (reciter of epic poetry) will only switch from one ''trdrtu'' to another when moving from one stanza to the next, although exceptions exist for various purposes.

Recitation is almost always unaccompanied, but there are rare cases in which a ''šzþcš'' will self-accompany using a ''[[vbþ]]'', a Kzmr percussion instrument in the [[w:Talking drum|talking drum]] family.

=== Liturgical music ===
The liturgical music of Kzmr is primarily comprised of [[Nrþk'irdu|Nrþk'irduist]] choral repertoire, though there are other forms such as [[Shidamism|Shidamist]] vocal music of the religion's minority in [[Srn]], or the canticular forms of the spoken formulas in Kzmr geomancy. However, Nrþk'irduist music has historically had a significant influence in Kzmr, as [[Kzmr musical notation]] (''hhprk 'rdþsu'', lit. "singing letters") was created by a Nrþk'irduist priest known as [[Phmihgþs]], and has various traits designed with this style of music in mind.

Nrþk'irduist vocal music is heavily based upon [[w:Canon (music)|canon]] and [[w:Heterophony|heterophony]]. It also has a [[w:Polytonality|polytonal]] tendency, with canons at imperfect intervals being very common and many works having no two voices singing in the same scale. To reconcile these two basic facts, there are several methods of scalar mapping typically used in this genre of music, which are as follows:
* Maintaining the distance in terms of scale degrees, at the expense of the acoustic intervals. As such, a leap of an octave (consisting of seven scalar steps) in any [[w:Heptatonic scale|heptatonic scale]] would be realized as a leap of a major ninth in the [[w:Whole-tone scale|whole-tone scale]]. In ''hhprk 'rdþsu'', notes that are to be transposed in this manner are denoted using the [[heavenly stems]].
* Moving by a specific acoustic interval, then rounding to the nearest note in the scale. For this purpose, the quality of the interval is temporarily ignored and the realization is determined solely by the number of the interval. Thus, movement by a minor third or a major third are both subsumed under the generalized notion of movement by a third – however, intervals that can be perfect (i.e. the fourth and fifth) are such under all circumstances. These are denoted by the numbers one through five, representing the intervals from the second to the sixth, in ''hhprk 'rdþsu''. In cases where a movement by a perfect interval would land exactly between two notes of a scale, for example, when moving up a perfect fourth from the tonic in the [[w:Lydian mode|Lydian mode]] – and more rarely, when both realizations of an imperfect interval are invalid and each the same distance from the closest possibility (assuming this possibility is not shared), a 'bias' can be marked, indicating whether one should round to the closer or farther note from the origin.
* Having an underlying [[w:Chromatic scale|chromatic]] line expressed in terms of absolute values, which is then rounded to the scale being used. Like intervalic movement, 'bias' can be marked, this time denoting whether one rounds to the closest higher note or the closest lower note if the chromatic pitch is not part of the scale. Ascending from F to E, these are marked in ''hhprk 'rdþsu'' first with the color names in reverse rainbow order (i.e. from violet to red) with the first two radicals removed, then with the color names in ordinary rainbow order with the first two radicals removed and the remaining radicals struck through.

To maintain the consistency of written parts in canons, individual voices can be treated as [[w:Transposing instrument|transposing instruments]]. Thus, the realizations of {{Kzmr|}}, which ordinarily represents the pitch of F, and the tonic note {{Kzmr|🜚}} are listed at the start of the score, as well as the name of the scale which is used. It is important to note that the concept of scale in this system of music theory partially subsumes that of [[w:Ornament (music)|ornamentation]], with many scales having inherent ornaments applied to certain degrees of the scale. Nonetheless, further ornaments can be added outside of those defined by the scale.

Kzmr

2024-10-16T23:52:14Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr Confederation' redirects here. For the state prior to accession to the Democratic Union of Baphia, see [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)]].''
{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Kzmr Confederation|DependencyType=|Capital=[[Srn]]|Demonym=[[Kkzmrš|Kzmrš]]|Language=[[Kzmr language|Kzmr]] [[Baphian language|Baphian]]|Species=[[kaneedkind#Xeric Kaneeds|Xeric Kaneed]]|UnrecLanguage=[[Jkawi language|Jkawi]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Devolution|Devolved]] [[w:Confederation|confederation]] of [[Clan (Kzmr)|clans]]|Area=5.8 million km²|Population=2.6 million}}
'''Kzmr''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''Smph Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[səmapa kəzamrak]]]), officially the '''Kzmr Confederation''', is a sovereign state in western [[Ukilen]], sharing a land border with [[Jkawi]] to its south and [[Baphia]] to its east, and a maritime border with the [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]] island of [[Sakle]] to its southwest. Its capital, largest municipality, and sole inland permanent settlement is [[Srn]].

Organized as a confederation of nomadic [[clan (Kzmr)|clans]], of which there are currently seventy-four, the Kzmr Autonomous Country was formed when the earlier [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)|Kzmr Confederation]] joined the Democratic Union of Baphia in 1815. In 2024, it was removed from the Baphian union due to [[the Yugim crisis]].

== History ==

''Main article: [[History of Kzmr]]''

=== Prehistory ===

The first inhabitants of modern-day Kzmr were most likely proto-Kaneeds who left the [[Jyosti Islands]] during the [[Third Ukilen Migration]] circa 2500 BCE. These early settlers eventually diverged genetically to form the xeric Kaneed subspecies.

The earliest artifacts whose date can be properly ascertained are those from the [[Mount Rknu]] archaeological site, which includes a variety of objects such as ceramics and jewelry dating to roughly 2300 BCE. This is the [[w:Type site|type site]] for the eponymous [[Mount Rknu culture]], who unlike the modern Kkzmrš, are thought to have led a sedentary life at an extremely small population. Artifacts associated with the Mount Rknu culture are no longer attested after circa 2100 BCE, and some scholars propose that the sudden collapse of this culture resulted from a famine.

[[File:Stannite herder's crook.jpg|thumb|[[w:Cold working|Cold-worked]] [[w:stannite|stannite]] head of a Kzmr herder's crook, from the [[Museum of Early Ukilen]] in [[Turku]].]]
The nomadism of the modern Kkzmrš ostensibly began around 2000 BCE, as artifacts such as herder's crooks and tent stakes begin to become attested in this period. These [[proto-Kkzmrš]] eventually separated into the ancestral groups of the three modern morphs of xeric Kaneed, with the sophonts in the far northern tundra adapting as the Beringian Kaneeds and those in the desert and shrublands forming the Blanfordian and Karagan Kaneeds. In Kzmr oral traditions, the common ancestors of each of these groups are known as [[Mntmr]], [[Þsnmr]], and [[Fkshmr]] respectively.

=== Protohistory ===

Though internal historiography of Kzmr is extremely sparse until the formation of a unified Kzmr identity in the 16th century CE, precipitating the establishment of the Kzmr Confederation, there exists a rich body of oral history with relatively little variance between clans. In addition to this, sources from Baphian antiquity provide an external view of some eastern Kzmr clans.

==== East Ukilen raids ====
[[File:Bxvi.jpg|thumb|A set of modern-day ''bbxvi'' from northern Kzmr.]]
A great wealth of historiography, both internal and external, exists regarding the participation of various Kzmr clans and septs in the [[East Ukilen raids]], particularly the [[Raid of Bongsibon]] circa 100–250 CE. Unlike the longstanding tradition of [[Oryx raid|oryx raiding]], which to this day remains a typically nonviolent variety of theft, the actions of Kzmr razzieurs during this period were quite devastating to the local population, causing roughly half of the Kali casualties in the Raid of Bongsibon. Smaller-scale trans-Baphian razzias continued well into the Nth century. The spoils of these incursions, often goods which were unavailable or difficult in the desert climate, were particularly valuable to the Kkzmrš in this era, and the legacy of this unilateral transfer remains in Kzmr culture to this day. For instance, the ''[[bxvi]]'', a stringed instrument of [[Kzmr folk music]], is derived from the [[Kali viol]], first brought to Kzmr during these raids.

==== Warring Clans Era ====
The Warring Clans era began with the decline of the East Ukilen raids, a trend that led to an increased population from returning razzieurs in conjunction with the gradual exhaustion of Bongsibon’s more important resources. The resulting resource crisis, roughly lasting from 270 to 285 CE, is known as the [[Kzmr Famine]]. Exacerbated by historical [[w:Overgrazing|overgrazing]] and the resultant period of sandstorms known as the [[Years of Dust]], the paucity of reliable food caused an upsurge in oryx raiding. Even after the Kzmr Famine, retaliatory actions prolonged the warring clans era.

[[File:Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor]].]]
These new inter-clan raids, ranging from minor skirmishes to standard warfare, stimulated the development of a [[w:Tribute|tributary system]] in Kzmr, in which more vulnerable septs or clans paid levies, usually in the form of dairy, livestock, or forageables, to their more militarily adept counterparts in exchange for a guarantee of protection by the [[w:Suzerainty|suzerain]]. In some cases, suzerains could themselves be tributaries of other septs or clans. This system allowed some suzerains to live a sedentary lifestyle off of these levies, prompting the construction of [[w:Manor house|manor houses]] which constitute the earliest permanent examples of [[Kzmr architecture]]. After the decline of the tributary system, the multiple manor houses at [[Srn]] and their surrounding villas remained inhabited by the courtiers and servants of their respective suzerains due to the existence of supporting agriculture and horticulture made possible by its oasis location.

==== Pax Casambriana ====
Roughly concurrent with the [[Baphia#Peace Era|peace era in Baphia]], the Pax Casambriana is generally accepted as beginning in 687 CE, with the armistice of the [[Hnþ–Bkršsg'attcsu feud]]. This era was characterized by extensive technological, artistic, and infrastructural development which set the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Kzmr Confederation. The development of the portable forge in the early eighth century allowed for the spread of more sophisticated forms of metallurgy to non-manorial groups, and writing became similarly widely accessible in the tenth century with the design of the [[Kzmr alphabet]] as a supplement to the [[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|traditional Ukilen]] script.

This era of technological progress was also stimulated by the formation of independent trades. In this period, members of a given clan had greater autonomy and could visit other clans without diplomatic concern, allowing for peripatetic work in exchange for food or goods, especially in the fields of textiles, metallurgy, and delivery. These itinerant workers eventually formed [[w:Guild|guilds]] which later evolved into the occupational [[Pseudoclan|pseudoclans]].

[[File:Pre-rococo robe, detail.jpg|thumb|Detail from a pre-rococo robe, c. 1533, from the [[Srn Fine Arts Center]].]]
The arts also flourished greatly in this period, with [[Kzmr music notation]] being invented by [[Phmitrþs]] in 922 CE, originally to transcribe [[Nrþk'irdu]] liturgical music. Eventually, it was extended to the creation of new motets, and soon after to the composition of secular music. Music of the Pax Casambriana was extremely varied and characterized by heavy experimentation, and the era gave rise to some of the most prolific composers in Kzmr history. The visual arts also underwent a revolution of their own, with the burgeoning guild system allowing specialization in textile art and metalwork. Artifacts from this time period include jewelry made from finely woven copper wire as well as oryx leather and felted rabbit fur embroidered by hand, of which the vegetation-inspired ornamentation was the prototype of the [[Kzmr rococo]] movement.

[[Category:Ukilen]]
[[Category:Country]]

Kzmr

2024-10-16T03:04:58Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr Confederation' redirects here. For the state prior to accession to the Democratic Union of Baphia, see [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)]].''
{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Kzmr Confederation|DependencyType=|Capital=[[Srn]]|Demonym=[[Kkzmrš|Kzmrš]]|Language=[[Kzmr language|Kzmr]] [[Baphian language|Baphian]]|Species=[[kaneedkind#Xeric Kaneeds|Xeric Kaneed]]|UnrecLanguage=[[Jkawi language|Jkawi]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Devolution|Devolved]] [[w:Confederation|confederation]] of [[Clan (Kzmr)|clans]]|Area=5.8 million km²|Population=2.6 million}}
'''Kzmr''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''Smph Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[səmapa kəzamrak]]]), officially the '''Kzmr Confederation''', is a sovereign state in western [[Ukilen]], sharing a land border with [[Jkawi]] to its south and [[Baphia]] to its east, and a maritime border with the [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]] island of [[Sakle]] to its southwest. Its capital, largest municipality, and sole inland permanent settlement is [[Srn]].

Organized as a confederation of nomadic [[clan (Kzmr)|clans]], of which there are currently seventy-four, the Kzmr Autonomous Country was formed when the earlier [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)|Kzmr Confederation]] joined the Democratic Union of Baphia in 1815. In 2024, it was removed from the Baphian union due to [[the Yugim crisis]].

== History ==

''Main article: [[History of Kzmr]]''

=== Prehistory ===

The first inhabitants of modern-day Kzmr were most likely proto-Kaneeds who left the [[Jyosti Islands]] during the [[Third Ukilen Migration]] circa 2500 BCE. These early settlers eventually diverged genetically to form the xeric Kaneed subspecies.

The earliest artifacts whose date can be properly ascertained are those from the [[Mount Rknu]] archaeological site, which includes a variety of objects such as ceramics and jewelry dating to roughly 2300 BCE. This is the [[w:Type site|type site]] for the eponymous [[Mount Rknu culture]], who unlike the modern Kkzmrš, are thought to have led a sedentary life at an extremely small population. Artifacts associated with the Mount Rknu culture are no longer attested after circa 2100 BCE, and some scholars propose that the sudden collapse of this culture resulted from a famine.

[[File:Stannite herder's crook.jpg|thumb|[[w:Cold working|Cold-worked]] [[w:stannite|stannite]] head of a Kzmr herder's crook, from the [[Museum of Early Ukilen]] in [[Turku]].]]
The nomadism of the modern Kkzmrš ostensibly began around 2000 BCE, as artifacts such as herder's crooks and tent stakes begin to become attested in this period. These [[proto-Kkzmrš]] eventually separated into the ancestral groups of the three modern morphs of xeric Kaneed, with the sophonts in the far northern tundra adapting as the Beringian Kaneeds and those in the desert and shrublands forming the Blanfordian and Karagan Kaneeds. In Kzmr oral traditions, the common ancestors of each of these groups are known as [[Mntmr]], [[Þsnmr]], and [[Fkshmr]] respectively.

=== Protohistory ===

Though internal historiography of Kzmr is extremely sparse until the formation of a unified Kzmr identity in the 16th century CE, precipitating the establishment of the Kzmr Confederation, there exists a rich body of oral history with relatively little variance between clans. In addition to this, sources from Baphian antiquity provide an external view of some eastern Kzmr clans.

==== East Ukilen raids ====
[[File:Bxvi.jpg|thumb|A set of modern-day ''bbxvi'' from northern Kzmr.]]
A great wealth of historiography, both internal and external, exists regarding the participation of various Kzmr clans and septs in the [[East Ukilen raids]], particularly the [[Raid of Bongsibon]] circa 100–250 CE. Unlike the longstanding tradition of [[Oryx raid|oryx raiding]], which to this day remains a typically nonviolent variety of theft, the actions of Kzmr razzieurs during this period were quite devastating to the local population, causing roughly half of the Kali casualties in the Raid of Bongsibon. Smaller-scale trans-Baphian razzias continued well into the Nth century. The spoils of these incursions, often goods which were unavailable or difficult in the desert climate, were particularly valuable to the Kkzmrš in this era, and the legacy of this unilateral transfer remains in Kzmr culture to this day. For instance, the ''[[bxvi]]'', a stringed instrument of [[Kzmr folk music]], is derived from the [[Kali viol]], first brought to Kzmr during these raids.

==== Warring Clans Era ====
The Warring Clans era began with the decline of the East Ukilen raids, a trend that led to an increased population from returning razzieurs in conjunction with the gradual exhaustion of Bongsibon’s more important resources. The resulting resource crisis, roughly lasting from 270 to 285 CE, is known as the [[Kzmr Famine]]. Exacerbated by historical [[w:Overgrazing|overgrazing]] and the resultant period of sandstorms known as the [[Years of Dust]], the paucity of reliable food caused an upsurge in oryx raiding. Even after the Kzmr Famine, retaliatory actions prolonged the warring clans era.

[[File:Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor]].]]
These new inter-clan raids, ranging from minor skirmishes to standard warfare, stimulated the development of a [[w:Tribute|tributary system]] in Kzmr, in which more vulnerable septs or clans paid levies, usually in the form of dairy, livestock, or forageables, to their more militarily adept counterparts in exchange for a guarantee of protection by the [[w:Suzerainty|suzerain]]. In some cases, suzerains could themselves be tributaries of other septs or clans. This system allowed some suzerains to live a sedentary lifestyle off of these levies, prompting the construction of [[w:Manor house|manor houses]] which constitute the earliest permanent examples of [[Kzmr architecture]]. After the decline of the tributary system, the manor house of [[Srn]] and its surrounding villas were repurposed as a phylaciopolis – a city consisting of storehouses, archives, and residences for their workers.

==== Pax Casambriana ====
Roughly concurrent with the [[Baphia#Peace Era|peace era in Baphia]], the Pax Casambriana is generally accepted as beginning in 687 CE, with the armistice of the [[Hnþ–Bkršsg'attcsu feud]]. This era was characterized by extensive technological, artistic, and infrastructural development which set the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Kzmr Confederation. The development of the portable forge in the early eighth century allowed for the spread of more sophisticated forms of metallurgy to non-manorial groups, and writing became similarly widely accessible in the tenth century with the design of the [[Kzmr alphabet]] as a supplement to the [[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|traditional Ukilen]] script.

This era of technological progress was also stimulated by the formation of independent trades. In this period, members of a given clan had greater autonomy and could visit other clans without diplomatic concern, allowing for peripatetic work in exchange for food or goods, especially in the fields of textiles, metallurgy, and delivery. These itinerant workers eventually formed [[w:Guild|guilds]] which later evolved into the occupational [[Pseudoclan|pseudoclans]].

[[File:Pre-rococo robe, detail.jpg|thumb|Detail from a pre-rococo robe, c. 1533, from the [[Srn Fine Arts Center]].]]
The arts also flourished greatly in this period, with [[Kzmr music notation]] being invented by [[Phmitrþs]] in 922 CE, originally to transcribe [[Nrþk'irdu]] liturgical music. Eventually, it was extended to the creation of new motets, and soon after to the composition of secular music. Music of the Pax Casambriana was extremely varied and characterized by heavy experimentation, and the era gave rise to some of the most prolific composers in Kzmr history. The visual arts also underwent a revolution of their own, with the burgeoning guild system allowing specialization in textile art and metalwork. Artifacts from this time period include jewelry made from finely woven copper wire as well as oryx leather and felted rabbit fur embroidered by hand, of which the vegetation-inspired ornamentation was the prototype of the [[Kzmr rococo]] movement.

[[Category:Ukilen]]
[[Category:Country]]

Kzmr music

2024-10-16T02:44:18Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr music''' refers to the various musical traditions, past and present, of the [[Kkzmrš]], as well as other music written within the borders of [[Kzmr]]. Music is a highly important part of Kzmr culture, with many of the most famous examples of cultural heritage of the nation, such as reading of [[ššzþ]], [[Kzmr geomancy]], and [[Kzmr wrestling]], entailing music to some degree. Beyond this, music in Kzmr is often written and performed for its own sake in a wide variety of genres ranging from traditional [[w:Liturgical music|liturgical music]], to modern [[w:Popular music|popular]] forms such as the [[w:Song poem|song poem]] or [[w:Sentimental ballad|sentimental ballad]]. In the contemporary era, [[Srn]] has become an epicenter of musical experimentation, with a flourishing [[w:Noise music|noise music]] scene and the development of unique variants of [[Baphia|Baphian]]-influenced genres such as [[stuttercore]] and [[Baphian breakcore]].

== Traditional music ==

The traditional music of Kzmr is divided into several subgenres with their own unique traits, often so divergent from one another that it is difficult to name characteristics that encompass all Kzmr folk music. A few illustrative and particularly influential types will be discussed here.

=== Šzþ recitation ===
[[File:Fox Warrior Bottle MET DP102152.jpg|thumb|Bottle with a depiction of Sntp'ukžri, the titular hero of the [[Epic of Sntp'ukžri]] (''šzþ Sntp'ukžrki'').]]
The šzþ, or epic poem, is Kzmr's most ancient literary form, and the musical tradition that stems from it is thought to also be the oldest style of Kzmr music. Recitation of a šzþ is typically done in a sung fashion with unmetered time – emphasis can be given either by drawing out a syllable or perhaps adding a [[w:Melisma|melisma]], or by speeding through a long sequence of syllables in a short time to convey a feeling of agitation. The melody itself is sung with each syllable (or each division of a melisma) being assigned to to a successive note in a repeated ''trdrtu'' (lit. wheel), a concept corresponding to the ''[[w:Color_(medieval_music)#Color_(isorhythm)|color]]'' in an isorhythmic composition. Often, the ''trdrtu'' consists of a number of notes which is not a factor of the number of syllables in the line, which would cause the following line to start on a different note from the last. Three different strategies are commonly used when starting a new line:
* starting over at the beginning of the ''trdrtu'',
* allowing the ''trdrtu'' to continue in the next line, often used for a [[w:Enjambment|enjambment]]-like effect,
* or adding a rapid melisma at the end of the line to ensure that the first syllable of the next line is aligned with the first note of the ''trdrtu''.
Over time, a repertoire of semi-standardized ''ttrdrtu'' has developed, and each one is associated with its own mood and symbolism. Some are irrevocably tied to a single epic, or even a single scene, such as the ''trdrtu tnnk'agbhki'', which is almost exclusively used in performances of the stanzas of the [[Epic of Sntp'ukžri]] in which Sntp'ukžri kills the mythical dragon Þksamrn. Typically, a ''šzþcš'' (reciter of epic poetry) will only switch from one ''trdrtu'' to another when moving from one stanza to the next, although exceptions exist for various purposes.

Recitation is almost always unaccompanied, but there are rare cases in which a ''šzþcš'' will self-accompany using a ''[[vbþ]]'', a Kzmr percussion instrument in the [[w:Talking drum|talking drum]] family.

=== Liturgical music ===
The liturgical music of Kzmr is primarily comprised of [[Nrþk'irdu|Nrþk'irduist]] choral repertoire, though there are other forms such as [[Shidamism|Shidamist]] vocal music of the religion's minority in [[Srn]], or the canticular forms of the spoken formulas in Kzmr geomancy. However, Nrþk'irduist music has historically had a significant influence in Kzmr, as [[Kzmr musical notation]] (''hhprk 'rdþsu'', lit. "singing letters") was created by a Nrþk'irduist priest known as [[Phmitrþs]], and has various traits designed with this style of music in mind.

Nrþk'irduist vocal music is heavily based upon [[w:Canon (music)|canon]] and [[w:Heterophony|heterophony]]. It also has a [[w:Polytonality|polytonal]] tendency, with canons at imperfect intervals being very common and many works having no two voices singing in the same scale. To reconcile these two basic facts, there are several methods of scalar mapping typically used in this genre of music, which are as follows:
* Maintaining the distance in terms of scale degrees, at the expense of the acoustic intervals. As such, a leap of an octave (consisting of seven scalar steps) in any [[w:Heptatonic scale|heptatonic scale]] would be realized as a leap of a major ninth in the [[w:Whole-tone scale|whole-tone scale]]. In ''hhprk 'rdþsu'', notes that are to be transposed in this manner are denoted using the [[heavenly stems]].
* Moving by a specific acoustic interval, then rounding to the nearest note in the scale. For this purpose, the quality of the interval is temporarily ignored and the realization is determined solely by the number of the interval. Thus, movement by a minor third or a major third are both subsumed under the generalized notion of movement by a third – however, intervals that can be perfect (i.e. the fourth and fifth) are such under all circumstances. These are denoted by the numbers one through five, representing the intervals from the second to the sixth, in ''hhprk 'rdþsu''. In cases where a movement by a perfect interval would land exactly between two notes of a scale, for example, when moving up a perfect fourth from the tonic in the [[w:Lydian mode|Lydian mode]] – and more rarely, when both realizations of an imperfect interval are invalid and each the same distance from the closest possibility (assuming this possibility is not shared), a 'bias' can be marked, indicating whether one should round to the closer or farther note from the origin.
* Having an underlying [[w:Chromatic scale|chromatic]] line expressed in terms of absolute values, which is then rounded to the scale being used. Like intervalic movement, 'bias' can be marked, this time denoting whether one rounds to the closest higher note or the closest lower note if the chromatic pitch is not part of the scale. Ascending from F to E, these are marked in ''hhprk 'rdþsu'' first with the color names in reverse rainbow order (i.e. from violet to red) with the first two radicals removed, then with the color names in ordinary rainbow order with the first two radicals removed and the remaining radicals struck through.

To maintain the consistency of written parts in canons, individual voices can be treated as [[w:Transposing instrument|transposing instruments]]. Thus, the realizations of {{Kzmr|}}, which ordinarily represents the pitch of F, and the tonic note {{Kzmr|🜚}} are listed at the start of the score, as well as the name of the scale which is used. It is important to note that the concept of scale in this system of music theory partially subsumes that of [[w:Ornament (music)|ornamentation]], with many scales having inherent ornaments applied to certain degrees of the scale. Nonetheless, further ornaments can be added outside of those defined by the scale.

Ukilen Tribe Religion

2024-10-16T02:04:24Z

Kazimir:

Ukilen Tribe Religion refers to a family of religions originating from Ukilen that have a few common traits but are distinct religions practiced by many people in all of Ukilen and other parts of the world. There are 6 major religions practiced in this family, [[Shidamism]], [[Treveism]], [[Garstium|Garsitium]], [[Farsik]], [PLACEHOLDER], and [[Jyosti religion|Jyostism]].

The most common traits they share besides place of origin are the belief that nature, a specific facet of nature in some cases, carries the wills and knowledge of whatever depiction of god the said religion holds, in Shidamism' case, the belief that [[W:Camelidae|camels]] (and camel-like animals) know where all is, or in Treveism' case, believing that the [[W:steppe|steppe]] wind and grass speak gods will.

== Shidamism ==
See main article: [[Shidamism]]

Shidamism is the most practiced Ukilen tribe religion today, being the state religions of [[Jkawi]] and [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]], as well as having millions of followers in [[Baphia]], [[Kgokkonitlag]], [[Sunteria]], and [[Azkali]] collectively. Shidamism is the most divergent from the other 5 religions, mostly taking bits from all 5 as well as [[Jkawi folk tradition]], as well as wholly Shidamist qualities, such as veneration of camels.

== Treveism ==
See main article: [[Treveism]]

== Garsitium ==
See main article: [[Garsitium beliefs|Garsitium]]

== Farsik ==
See main article: [[Farsik Religion|Farsik]]

== Nrþk'irdu ==
See main article: [[Nrþk'irdu]]

Nrþk'irdu is the most commonly practiced Ukilen tribe religion in [[Kzmr]], being followed by the vast majority of the population. The religion is highly [[w:Worship of heavenly bodies|astrolatrous]], focusing on the glorification of various planetary bodies, stars, asterisms, and constellations. The astromantic systems of Nrþk'irdu are considerably robust, with the night sky being divided into the classical planets and the fixed stars, and divination involves only one of these at a time. Fixed-star divination is based on times of heliacal rising and setting and, to a lesser extent, the variability of the stars [[w:Mira|Mira]] and [[w:Beta Lyrae|Sheliak]], while planetary divination focuses on specific [[w:Astrological aspect|aspects]] rather than location within the fixed plane.

The ritual aspect of Nrþk'irdu is equally complex, with its most basic form consisting of the arrangement of objects or large-scale structures in accordance with specific star patterns as a means of 'invocation', and more sophisticated manners entailing elaborate consecration rituals for the objects used in this construction.

== Jyostism ==
See main article: [[Jyosti religion|Jyostism]]

Kzmr

2024-10-16T01:40:54Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr Confederation' redirects here. For the state prior to accession to the Democratic Union of Baphia, see [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)]].''
{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Kzmr Confederation|DependencyType=|Capital=[[Srn]]|Demonym=[[Kkzmrš|Kzmrš]]|Language=[[Kzmr language|Kzmr]] [[Baphian language|Baphian]]|Species=[[kaneedkind#Xeric Kaneeds|Xeric Kaneed]]|UnrecLanguage=[[Jkawi language|Jkawi]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Devolution|Devolved]] [[w:Confederation|confederation]] of [[Clan (Kzmr)|clans]]|Area=5.8 million km²|Population=2.6 million}}
'''Kzmr''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''Smph Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[səmapa kəzamrak]]]), officially the '''Kzmr Confederation''', is a sovereign state in western [[Ukilen]], sharing a land border with [[Jkawi]] to its south and [[Baphia]] to its east, and a maritime border with the [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]] island of [[Sakle]] to its southwest. Its capital, largest municipality, and sole inland permanent settlement is [[Srn]].

Organized as a confederation of nomadic [[clan (Kzmr)|clans]], of which there are currently seventy-four, the Kzmr Autonomous Country was formed when the earlier [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)|Kzmr Confederation]] joined the Democratic Union of Baphia in 1815. In 2024, it was removed from the Baphian union due to [[the Yugim crisis]].

== History ==

''Main article: [[History of Kzmr]]''

=== Prehistory ===

The first inhabitants of modern-day Kzmr were most likely proto-Kaneeds who left the [[Jyosti Islands]] during the [[Third Ukilen Migration]] circa 2500 BCE. These early settlers eventually diverged genetically to form the xeric Kaneed subspecies.

The earliest artifacts whose date can be properly ascertained are those from the [[Mount Rknu]] archaeological site, which includes a variety of objects such as ceramics and jewelry dating to roughly 2300 BCE. This is the [[w:Type site|type site]] for the eponymous [[Mount Rknu culture]], who unlike the modern Kkzmrš, are thought to have led a sedentary life at an extremely small population. Artifacts associated with the Mount Rknu culture are no longer attested after circa 2100 BCE, and some scholars propose that the sudden collapse of this culture resulted from a famine.

[[File:Stannite herder's crook.jpg|thumb|[[w:Cold working|Cold-worked]] [[w:stannite|stannite]] head of a Kzmr herder's crook, from the [[Museum of Early Ukilen]] in [[Turku]].]]
The nomadism of the modern Kkzmrš ostensibly began around 2000 BCE, as artifacts such as herder's crooks and tent stakes begin to become attested in this period. These [[proto-Kkzmrš]] eventually separated into the ancestral groups of the three modern morphs of xeric Kaneed, with the sophonts in the far northern tundra adapting as the Beringian Kaneeds and those in the desert and shrublands forming the Blanfordian and Karagan Kaneeds. In Kzmr oral traditions, the common ancestors of each of these groups are known as [[Mntmr]], [[Þsnmr]], and [[Fkshmr]] respectively.

=== Protohistory ===

Though internal historiography of Kzmr is extremely sparse until the formation of a unified Kzmr identity in the 16th century CE, precipitating the establishment of the Kzmr Confederation, there exists a rich body of oral history with relatively little variance between clans. In addition to this, sources from Baphian antiquity provide an external view of some eastern Kzmr clans.

==== East Ukilen raids ====
[[File:Bxvi.jpg|thumb|A set of modern-day ''bbxvi'' from northern Kzmr.]]
A great wealth of historiography, both internal and external, exists regarding the participation of various Kzmr clans and septs in the [[East Ukilen raids]], particularly the [[Raid of Bongsibon]] circa 100–250 CE. Unlike the longstanding tradition of [[Oryx raid|oryx raiding]], which to this day remains a typically nonviolent variety of theft, the actions of Kzmr razzieurs during this period were quite devastating to the local population, causing roughly half of the Kali casualties in the Raid of Bongsibon. Smaller-scale trans-Baphian razzias continued well into the Nth century. The spoils of these incursions, often goods which were unavailable or difficult in the desert climate, were particularly valuable to the Kkzmrš in this era, and the legacy of this unilateral transfer remains in Kzmr culture to this day. For instance, the ''[[bxvi]]'', a stringed instrument of [[Kzmr folk music]], is derived from the [[Kali viol]], first brought to Kzmr during these raids.

==== Warring Clans Era ====
The Warring Clans era began with the decline of the East Ukilen raids, a trend that led to an increased population from returning razzieurs in conjunction with the gradual exhaustion of Bongsibon’s more important resources. The resulting resource crisis, roughly lasting from 270 to 285 CE, is known as the [[Kzmr Famine]]. Exacerbated by historical [[w:Overgrazing|overgrazing]] and the resultant period of sandstorms known as the [[Years of Dust]], the paucity of reliable food caused an upsurge in oryx raiding. Even after the Kzmr Famine, retaliatory actions prolonged the warring clans era.

[[File:Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor]].]]
These new inter-clan raids, ranging from minor skirmishes to standard warfare, stimulated the development of a [[w:Tribute|tributary system]] in Kzmr, in which more vulnerable septs or clans paid levies, usually in the form of dairy, livestock, or forageables, to their more militarily adept counterparts in exchange for a guarantee of protection by the [[w:Suzerainty|suzerain]]. In some cases, suzerains could themselves be tributaries of other septs or clans. This system allowed some suzerains to live a sedentary lifestyle off of these levies, prompting the construction of [[w:Manor house|manor houses]] which constitute the earliest permanent examples of [[Kzmr architecture]]. After the decline of the tributary system, the manor house of [[Srn]] and its surrounding villas were repurposed as a phylaciopolis – a city consisting of storehouses, archives, and residences for their workers.

==== Pax Casambriana ====
Roughly concurrent with the [[Baphia#Peace Era|peace era in Baphia]], the Pax Casambriana is generally accepted as beginning in 687 CE, with the armistice of the [[Hnþ–Bkršsg'attcsu feud]]. This era was characterized by extensive technological, artistic, and infrastructural development which set the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Kzmr Confederation. The development of the portable forge in the early eighth century allowed for the spread of more sophisticated forms of metallurgy to non-manorial groups, and writing became similarly widely accessible in the tenth century with the design of the [[Kzmr alphabet]] as a supplement to the [[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|traditional Ukilen]] script.

This era of technological progress was also stimulated by the formation of independent trades. In this period, members of a given clan had greater autonomy and could visit other clans without diplomatic concern, allowing for peripatetic work in exchange for food or goods, especially in the fields of textiles, metallurgy, and delivery. These itinerant workers eventually formed [[w:Guild|guilds]] which later evolved into the occupational [[Pseudoclan|pseudoclans]].

[[File:Pre-rococo robe, detail.jpg|thumb|Detail from a pre-rococo robe, c. 1533, from the [[Srn Fine Arts Center]].]]
The arts also flourished greatly in this period, with [[Kzmr music notation]] being invented by [[Phmitrþs]] in 922 CE, originally to transcribe [[Nrþki'rdu]] liturgical music. Eventually, it was extended to the creation of new motets, and soon after to the composition of secular music. Music of the Pax Casambriana was extremely varied and characterized by heavy experimentation, and the era gave rise to some of the most prolific composers in Kzmr history. The visual arts also underwent a revolution of their own, with the burgeoning guild system allowing specialization in textile art and metalwork. Artifacts from this time period include jewelry made from finely woven copper wire as well as oryx leather and felted rabbit fur embroidered by hand, of which the vegetation-inspired ornamentation was the prototype of the [[Kzmr rococo]] movement.

[[Category:Ukilen]]
[[Category:Country]]

Kzmr music

2024-10-12T05:29:03Z

Kazimir:

Kzmr music

2024-10-12T05:28:24Z

Kazimir:

Kzmr music

2024-10-12T05:27:38Z

Kazimir:

Kzmr music

2024-10-12T05:25:33Z

Kazimir:

Kzmr music

2024-10-12T05:24:43Z

Kazimir:

Kzmr music

2024-10-12T05:07:24Z

Kazimir: Created page with "'''Kzmr music''' refers to the various musical traditions, past and present, of the Kkzmrš, as well as other music written within the borders of Kzmr. Music is a highly important part of Kzmr culture, with many of the most famous examples of cultural heritage of the nation, such as reading of ššzþ, Kzmr geomancy, and Kzmr wrestling, all entailing music to some degree. Beyond this, music in Kzmr is often written and performed for its own sake in a..."

Amafjk language

2024-10-02T00:12:55Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Amafjk|NativeLanguage=Amafjk / sataxjx Jmefjk|Speakers=416,000|LanguageFamily=[[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]] (disputed)|WritingSystem=[[Amafjk script]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Matkha]]|3Lettercode=AMA}}
'''Amafjk''' (pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/æṽæɸiᵑkˣ/]]; or ''sataxjx Jmefjk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|/r̝̊ætˣæx̪͆ix̪͆ iṽeɸiᵑkˣ/]]) is the de facto [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]] of [[Matkha]] and the official language of [[Tantj Tasfemjx Province]]. It is spoken natively by 92% of Tantj Tasfemjx Province and 65% of the [[Scattered Islands Census Area]], and the overwhelming majority of Matkhans are either conversational or fluent in the language.

Amafjk is generally considered to be a [[w:Language isolate|language isolate]], or otherwise part of a tentative microfamily known as [[East Matkhan languages|East Matkhan]] containing itself and (PLACEHOLDER), the latter of which is only attested in toponyms, anthroponyms, and a transcription of a song found in (BOOK PLACEHOLDER). However, recent scholarship has attempted to link the language to the [[Ngyoic languages]] under the [[Macro-Matkhan languages|Macro-Matkhan]] phylum, though this theory remains highly contested.

== Phonology ==

Amafjk is typically analyzed as having 11 phonemes, giving it the second smallest phoneme inventory of any attested natural language, solely surpassed by the [[Seŋoŋ language]] spoken in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. These phonemes are divided into 7 consonants and 4 vowels.

=== Consonants ===

The consonants, and their underlying pronunciations in [[Xassj Efjnes]] dialect, are given here.

{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|'''m''' /ṽ/
|'''n''' /ɾ̃/
|
|-
![[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
|
|'''t''' /tˣ/{{efn|group=cons|name=vasp|Has [[w:Lakota language#Consonants|velar aspiration]].}}
|'''k''' /ᵑkˣ/{{efn|name=vasp}}
|-
![[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|'''f''' /ɸ/
|'''s''' /r̝̊/{{efn|group=cons|A [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill|fricative trill]].}}
|'''x''' /x̪͆/
|}

{{notelist|group=cons}}

=== Vowels ===

Amafjk has a [[w:Vertical vowel system|vertical vowel system]].

{| class="wikitable"
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|j /i/
|-
![[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|i /ɪ/
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e /e̞/
|-
![[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|a /æ/
|}

In many analyses, Amafjk vowels are said to have secondary phonemic status due to the fact that the vast majority of roots in the language are vowelless before the application of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]], as well as the fact that sentences can have the vowels of their transfixes freely exchanged without changing the meaning, so long as the relations between transfix vowels (i.e. which ones do and do not match) remain unchanged. However, vowels occasionally do appear in roots and have semantically meaningful minimal pairs, such as ''fjm–kx–'' (sp. of fish) and ''fam–kx–'' ([[w:Promontory|promontory]]).

=== Allophony ===

As a result of its small phonemic inventory, the phonemes of Amafjk are often quite fluid in pronunciation, and in informal speech each one tends to have free variation between a large range of realizations. Most commonly, they are limited to the following ranges, but exceptions can be found in highly informal speech.

* '''m''': any nasal fricative or approximant, excluding fricative trills
* '''n''': any nasal stop or nasal tap
* '''t''': either any non-guttural stop, or any non-prenasalized stop. Most often, it is in the intersection of these two groups.
* '''k''': any prenasalized guttural stop
* '''f''': any non-dorsal non-trill fricative or non-dorsal approximant
* '''s''': any trill
* '''x''': any dorsal fricative or approximant
* '''j''': any close vowel
* '''i''': any near-close or close-mid vowel
* '''e''': any mid or open-mid vowel
* '''a''': any near-open or open vowel

==== Formal pronunciations ====

Allophony in acrolectal forms spoken in Xassj Efjnes is rather complex, entailing several [[w:Feeding order|feeding]] and [[w:Bleeding order|bleeding orders]]. The order of rule application is as follows:

* Clusters of two plosives become a geminate form of the second plosive.
* Vowels before dorsal or guttural sounds are backed.
* The vowels of a given word undergo a process called iterative dissimilation. First, even-numbered vowels in sequences of two or more front vowels (ignoring any intermediary consonants) are backed, and then the same process is applied with fronting of alternating vowels in sequences of two or more back vowels. For instance, the word ''sefjfsakj'', which becomes [r̝̊eɸiɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi] after the first two allophony rules, becomes [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊ɑ̝ᵑkˣi], then [r̝̊eɸɯɸr̝̊æᵑkˣi].
* /ɾ̃/ becomes [ŋ] before back vowels.
* /x̪͆/ becomes [j] after vowels other than /i/.
* Various simple contextual changes are applied, shown in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! word-initial
! after mora gap
! intervocalic
! word-final
|-
! /ṽ/
| [β̞̃]
|
|
|
|-
! /ɾ̃/
|
| [ʀ̆̃]
|
| [ŋ]
|-
! /tˣ/
|
| [bˠ]
| [dˠ]
| [t]
|-
! /ᵑkˣ/
|
|
| [ᵑgˠ]
| [ᵑk]
|-
! /ɸ/
| [s]
| [s]
| [ɹ]
|
|-
! /r̝̊/
| [ʜ]
| [ʜ]
|
|
|-
! /x̪͆/
| [ɰ]
|
|
|
|}

* Vowels before [j] are raised.
* [ɸ] is elided postvocalically, and the previous vowel is given [[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]].
* Epenthetic [ɡ] is added before words which begin with a vowel.
* In sequences of a vowel and a nasal or prenasalized consonant, the vowel is nasalized and the consonant loses its nasal quality.
* Velar aspiration is lost word-finally.

=== Prosody ===

Amafjk is a [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-timed language. In the Amafjk system, which includes half-morae, syllables are divided into three sizes: ultralight (half a mora), light (one mora), and heavy (one and a half morae). In addition, a mora can be classified as fixed or movable – the distinction, however, only exists in light morae, as all ultralight or heavy morae are inherently movable.

The ultralight morae are limited to the plosives /tˣ/ and /ᵑkˣ/ in coda position. Light morae include all syllable bodies (onset-nucleus combinations as well as standalone nuclei), with the exception of those with /r̝̊/ as the onset, as well as all codas with the exceptions of /tˣ/, /ᵑkˣ/ and /r̝̊/. The only heavy morae are the aforementioned /r̝̊V/ bodies and /r̝̊/ in coda position.

A nucleus without an onset is the only movable light mora. Movability refers to whether or not a mora's timing will be "quantized" to the following one-mora unit if it is placed immediately after a mora whose ending is not unit-aligned: fixed morae will be quantized, while movable morae will not. The distinction is best demonstrated with a few illustrative examples:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt efjnes'' "three clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 7 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 8 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='2' | e || || colspan='2' | fj || colspan='2' | ne || colspan='3' | s
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt sjkke'' "four clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kaxjt mjtex'' "five clouds"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || || colspan='2' | mj || colspan='2' | te || colspan='2' | x
|}

==== Stress and timing ====

In syllable timing, all coda consonants are transferred to the preceding mora, and all half-aligned morae are rounded down to the next-earliest unit multiple. For instance:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
|-
| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xjt || colspan='6' | sjk || colspan = '2' | ke
|}

Stress is on the second mora of the word, or if this would be a coda mora, stress is moved to the first. For this reason, the capped form of "black" ''natat'' is stressed as ''na-tá-t'' but the uncapped form ''nattj'' is stressed as ''ná-t-tj''.

== Morphology ==

The morphology of the Amafjk language is based extensively upon transfixation, with almost all words, accounting for the exception of a handful of particles, being comprised of a discontinuous root intercalated with vowels which indicate syntactic connections. Although the use of a root-and-pattern system is superficially similar to some languages such as [[Tova language|Tova]], an analog for the treatment of vowels has not been demonstrated in any other natural language, aside from possibly the (PLACEHOLDER) language, though this is uncertain due to the lack of attestation.

=== Terminology ===

Due to this idiosyncrasy, technical terminology has been developed for analysis of Amafjk grammar. Vowels which are not part of the root itself but are instead transfixed are referred to as "nodes", and these can be further specified by stating the vowel which is used to indicate them – for instance, a node which is marked using the phoneme /i/ would be known as a J-node. Nodes are further classified based on their polarity, a criterion which indicates which other nodes they are capable of forming connections with. Per common convention, the two nodes of an ordinary binodal word (such as the vast majority of nominals) are used as the benchmark for any other node's polarity: the left node of such a term is considered a positive node, and the right is considered negative. These two terms can be combined, such that one can speak of a "positive E-node".

=== Nodal connections ===

Under ordinary circumstances, any newly-added node will form connections with all nodes which are of the same vowel and opposite polarity. Take, for instance, the sentence fragment ''kaxjt sjkke'', meaning "four clouds". The first word, ''kaxjt'', consists of the root ''k–x–t'' (cloud) with two nodes added: a positive A-node and a negative J-node. The second word, ''sjkke'', consists of the root ''s–kk–'' (four, tetrad, quartet) supplemented with a positive J-node and a negative E-node. When it is added to the sentence, the positive J-node of ''sjkke'' forms a connection with the negative J-node of ''kaxjt'', indicating a syntactic connection. The grammatical significance of these syntactic connections varies based on their directionality as well as the parts of speech of the words which are linked, and in this case, as a nominal-to-nominal connection, the fragment indicates that the positive-side nominal forms an appositive expression to the head nominal on the negative side – i.e., "clouds, a quartet", or translated more idiomatically, "four clouds". Due to the fact that connections can be formed starting from either direction, it is also valid to express this as ''sjkke kaxjt''.

==== Exceptions ====

There are a few mechanisms in Amafjk to prevent the formation of connections in circumstances in which they would normally occur. The most common of these is the cap particle, which causes all previously-constructed nodes of a certain vowel and polarity to become incapable of forming new connections (though it does not apply to nodes that are constructed later, causing this to be one of the handful of circumstances in which word order is significant in Amafjk). The particle which applies to negative nodes is ''f–'', with the targeted vowel being placed in the empty node slot; for positive nodes, ''–n'' is used instead.

For a more temporary solution, there exists a pair of particles ''n–kj'' and ''sen'', which constitute a sort of spoken brackets, and thus another instance in which word order is relevant. Words which are enclosed between these two particles cannot form connections to those which are outside of this enclosure, with the exception of connections that are formed between nodes whose vowel matches the vowel which is inserted into the root ''n–kj''. For example, if the particle ''nakj'' was used, A-nodes of opposite polarities could connect regardless of if one is inside the enclosure while the other is outside, but the same could not be said of nodes of the other three vowels. ''n–kj''-''sen'' pairs can be nested, although this rarely occurs in practice.

Kzmr

2024-09-30T18:46:46Z

Kazimir:

'''Kzmr Confederation' redirects here. For the state prior to accession to the Democratic Union of Baphia, see [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)]].''
{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Kzmr Confederation|DependencyType=|Capital=[[Srn]]|Demonym=[[Kkzmrš|Kzmrš]]|Language=[[Kzmr language|Kzmr]] [[Baphian language|Baphian]]|Species=[[kaneedkind#Xeric Kaneeds|Xeric Kaneed]]|UnrecLanguage=[[Jkawi language|Jkawi]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Devolution|Devolved]] [[w:Confederation|confederation]] of [[Clan (Kzmr)|clans]]|Area=5.8 million km²|Population=2.6 million}}
'''Kzmr''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''Smph Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[səmapa kəzamrak]]]), officially the '''Kzmr Confederation''', is a sovereign state in western [[Ukilen]], sharing a land border with [[Jkawi]] to its south and [[Baphia]] to its east, and a maritime border with the [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]] island of [[Sakle]] to its southwest. Its capital, largest municipality, and sole inland permanent settlement is [[Srn]].

Organized as a confederation of nomadic [[clan (Kzmr)|clans]], of which there are currently seventy-four, the Kzmr Autonomous Country was formed when the earlier [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)|Kzmr Confederation]] joined the Democratic Union of Baphia in 1815. In 2024, it was removed from the Baphian union due to [[the Yugim crisis]].

== History ==

''Main article: [[History of Kzmr]]''

=== Prehistory ===

The first inhabitants of modern-day Kzmr were most likely proto-Kaneeds who left the [[Jyosti Islands]] during the [[Third Ukilen Migration]] circa 2500 BCE. These early settlers eventually diverged genetically to form the xeric Kaneed subspecies.

The earliest artifacts whose date can be properly ascertained are those from the [[Mount Rknu]] archaeological site, which includes a variety of objects such as ceramics and jewelry dating to roughly 2300 BCE. This is the [[w:Type site|type site]] for the eponymous [[Mount Rknu culture]], who unlike the modern Kkzmrš, are thought to have led a sedentary life at an extremely small population. Artifacts associated with the Mount Rknu culture are no longer attested after circa 2100 BCE, and some scholars propose that the sudden collapse of this culture resulted from a famine.

[[File:Stannite herder's crook.jpg|thumb|[[w:Cold working|Cold-worked]] [[w:stannite|stannite]] head of a Kzmr herder's crook, from the [[Museum of Early Ukilen]] in [[Turku]].]]
The nomadism of the modern Kkzmrš ostensibly began around 2000 BCE, as artifacts such as herder's crooks and tent stakes begin to become attested in this period. These [[proto-Kkzmrš]] eventually separated into the ancestral groups of the three modern morphs of xeric Kaneed, with the sophonts in the far northern tundra adapting as the Beringian Kaneeds and those in the desert and shrublands forming the Blanfordian and Karagan Kaneeds. In Kzmr oral traditions, the common ancestors of each of these groups are known as [[Mntmr]], [[Þsnmr]], and [[Fkshmr]] respectively.

=== Protohistory ===

Though internal historiography of Kzmr is extremely sparse until the formation of a unified Kzmr identity in the 16th century CE, precipitating the establishment of the Kzmr Confederation, there exists a rich body of oral history with relatively little variance between clans. In addition to this, sources from Baphian antiquity provide an external view of some eastern Kzmr clans.

==== East Ukilen raids ====
[[File:Bxvi.jpg|thumb|A set of modern-day ''bbxvi'' from northern Kzmr.]]
A great wealth of historiography, both internal and external, exists regarding the participation of various Kzmr clans and septs in the [[East Ukilen raids]], particularly the [[Raid of Bongsibon]] circa 100–250 CE. Unlike the longstanding tradition of [[Oryx raid|oryx raiding]], which to this day remains a typically nonviolent variety of theft, the actions of Kzmr razzieurs during this period were quite devastating to the local population, causing roughly half of the Kali casualties in the Raid of Bongsibon. Smaller-scale trans-Baphian razzias continued well into the Nth century. The spoils of these incursions, often goods which were unavailable or difficult in the desert climate, were particularly valuable to the Kkzmrš in this era, and the legacy of this unilateral transfer remains in Kzmr culture to this day. For instance, the ''[[bxvi]]'', a stringed instrument of [[Kzmr folk music]], is derived from the [[Kali viol]], first brought to Kzmr during these raids.

==== Warring Clans Era ====
The Warring Clans era began with the decline of the East Ukilen raids, a trend that led to an increased population from returning razzieurs in conjunction with the gradual exhaustion of Bongsibon’s more important resources. The resulting resource crisis, roughly lasting from 270 to 285 CE, is known as the [[Kzmr Famine]]. Exacerbated by historical [[w:Overgrazing|overgrazing]] and the resultant period of sandstorms known as the [[Years of Dust]], the paucity of reliable food caused an upsurge in oryx raiding. Even after the Kzmr Famine, retaliatory actions prolonged the warring clans era.

[[File:Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor]].]]
These new inter-clan raids, ranging from minor skirmishes to standard warfare, stimulated the development of a [[w:Tribute|tributary system]] in Kzmr, in which more vulnerable septs or clans paid levies, usually in the form of dairy, livestock, or forageables, to their more militarily adept counterparts in exchange for a guarantee of protection by the [[w:Suzerainty|suzerain]]. In some cases, suzerains could themselves be tributaries of other septs or clans. This system allowed some suzerains to live a sedentary lifestyle off of these levies, prompting the construction of [[w:Manor house|manor houses]] which constitute the earliest permanent examples of [[Kzmr architecture]]. After the decline of the tributary system, the manor house of [[Srn]] and its surrounding villas were repurposed as a phylaciopolis – a city consisting of storehouses, archives, and residences for their workers.

==== Pax Casambriana ====
Roughly concurrent with the [[Baphia#Peace Era|peace era in Baphia]], the Pax Casambriana is generally accepted as beginning in 687 CE, with the armistice of the [[Hnþ–Bkršsg'attcsu feud]]. This era was characterized by extensive technological, artistic, and infrastructural development which set the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Kzmr Confederation. The development of the portable forge in the early eighth century allowed for the spread of more sophisticated forms of metallurgy to non-manorial groups, and writing became similarly widely accessible in the tenth century with the design of the [[Kzmr alphabet]] as a supplement to the [[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|traditional Ukilen]] script.

This era of technological progress was also stimulated by the formation of independent trades. In this period, members of a given clan had greater autonomy and could visit other clans without diplomatic concern, allowing for peripatetic work in exchange for food or goods, especially in the fields of textiles, metallurgy, and delivery. These itinerant workers eventually formed [[w:Guild|guilds]] which later evolved into the occupational [[Pseudoclan|pseudoclans]].

[[File:Pre-rococo robe, detail.jpg|thumb|Detail from a pre-rococo robe, c. 1533, from the [[Srn Fine Arts Center]].]]
The arts also flourished greatly in this period, with [[Kzmr music notation]] being invented by [[Krgrnsvatrnakrpš]] in 922 CE, originally to transcribe [[Nrþki'rdu]] liturgical music. Eventually, it was extended to the creation of new motets, and soon after to the composition of secular music. Music of the Pax Casambriana was extremely varied and characterized by heavy experimentation, and the era gave rise to some of the most prolific composers in Kzmr history. The visual arts also underwent a revolution of their own, with the burgeoning guild system allowing specialization in textile art and metalwork. Artifacts from this time period include jewelry made from finely woven copper wire as well as oryx leather and felted rabbit fur embroidered by hand, of which the vegetation-inspired ornamentation was the prototype of the [[Kzmr rococo]] movement.

[[Category:Ukilen]]
[[Category:Country]]

Kzmr language

2024-09-30T18:46:22Z

Kazimir: me when i forget the accent mark

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage={{Kzmr|KZMR`}}|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|[kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩]]]|Speakers=2.9 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' ({{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''tþru Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak]]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrš|Kkzmrš]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]].

Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]].

The various Kzmr lects share a consistent [[w:Diaphoneme|diaphoneme]] inventory noteworthy for having two separate 'null' phonemes as well as wholly lacking phonemic vowels.

== History ==

=== Šzþ Kzmr ===

Due to the lack of phonetic writing in early Kzmr usages of traditional Ukilen, it is difficult to delineate the history of the language cluster into separate periods. Nonetheless, the variety used in the [[Šzþ|ššzþ]], or traditional epic poems of the Kkzmrš, has various distinctive syntactical features not shared with modern varieties, and is thus classified by linguists as the distinct Šzþ Kzmr form. Some bionyms in the [[Baphian language|Baphian]] and [[Jkawi language|Jkawi]] languages are speculated to be loaned from this early variety.

=== Modern Kzmr ===

== Diaphonology ==

== Orthography ==

== Noun morphology ==

Though Kzmr preserves the original nine cases of Proto-Ukilen (albeit with the dative and locative being homophonous outside of pronouns), most other aspects of Proto-Ukilen noun morphology are either eroded or completely overhauled. Firstly, the animacy distinction is removed, with the original animate case endings having far more widespread reflexes in Kzmr. Secondly, the dual no longer exists and pluralization is instead marked, except in some irregular nouns, by reduplication of the first consonant (excluding, of course, //∅//).

=== Carrier nouns ===

In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each.

There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, ''thn-'', which patterns like ''t-''. Though commonly translated as "damned [noun]", it can also be associated with emotional valences besides contempt, such as shock or fear.

=== ''Vocativa tantum'' ===

A ''vocativum tantum'' is a noun which appears solely in the vocative case. To be used in other syntactic roles, it must be used in conjunction with a classifier noun. Though these overlap with mass nouns, not all mass nouns are ''vocativa tantum'' and vice versa. For instance, "caribou" in the nominative is phrased as ''dždu xhvnmi'' (<code>CLF caribou-VOC</code>). ''Vocativa tantum'' are pluralized by pluralizing the classifier rather than the classified noun.

=== Defective nouns ===

Defective nouns are a variety of indeclinable nouns which are assigned their syntactic role by using one of two topical postpositions and replacing their intended place in the sentence with a pronominal. The two topical postpositions are ''bþ'', used when the topic takes an agentive or patientive role, and ''nn'' used otherwise. Baphian loans, as well as abbreviated forms of Kzmr nouns, are frequently defective nouns. Take the following sentence, for instance:

''''Kshkhi bþ hhnry þ' h'u.''' <code>kuzeke.elang TOP play-PRES.IMPF 1-NOM 3.INAM-ACC</code> ''I play [[kuzeke elang]].''

The literal meaning of this expression could be translated as "As for kuzeke elang, I play it."

=== Table ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! þ' (I)
! dgšu (bird)
! Srn ([[Srn]])
! þksatrs (bat ''(hon.)'')
! *xhhny (caribou)
|-
| Nominative
| þ'
| dgšu
| Srn, tSrn
| þksatrs
| gdu xhhnmy
|-
| Accusative
| þ'u
| dgšgu
| tgSrn
| þksutrs
| gdgu xhhnmy
|-
| Dative
| þ'
| dgšvu
| tvSrn
| þksatrs
| gdvu xhhnmy
|-
| Genitive
| þž
| dgšku
| tkSrn
| þksžatrs
| gdku xhhnmy
|-
| Ablative
| þ'
| dgšdu
| tdSrn
| þksatrs
| gddu xhhnmy
|-
| Vocative
| rowspan="3" | þ'i
| dgšmu
| tmSrn
| rowspan="3" | þksitrs
| xhhnmy
|-
| Locative/Instrumental
| dgšvu
| tvSrn
| gdvu xhhnmy
|-
| Allative
| dgšhnu
| thnSrn
| gdhnu xhhnmy
|-
| Adessive
| þ'u
| dgšzu
| tzSrn
| þksutrs
| gdzu xhhnmy
|}

== Word formation ==

=== Compounding strategies ===

Kzmr compounding usually undergoes a type of sandhi where multisyllabic words in which the last epenthetic vowel was originally unstressed, the following word does not begin with //H// or //∅//, and the last consonant is not already //∅//, have //∅// appended.

Many multimorphemic words in Kzmr are formed by compounding; the resultant words are classified into various types based on the nature of the compound. The vocative strategy of compounding, inherited from Proto-Ukilen, is in modern Kzmr only one of several. The types are as follows:

==== Verbal-nominal and pseudoverbal-nominal (*''Tatpuruṣa'') ====

One common form of compound is the the verbal-nominal, stemming from a verb participle followed by a noun taking one of the seven oblique cases in Kzmr to create an adjective:

(THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE FIXED UNTIL I ACTUALLY READD PARTICIPLES

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! Translation !! Case
|-
| mhsn'innmþþgi || killing hyenas || Accusative
|-
| kksn'axxdv'i || fighting for Sirius, fighting on behalf of Sirius || Dative
|-
| tgbn'akrtšku || forged out of steel || Genitive
|-
| 'rnn'iddžbrd || having come from the mountains || Ablative
|-
| mhsbnn'izkrtmv || having been killed with a lance || Locative/Instrumental
|-
| bþrn'annrþhni || facing towards the stars || Allative
|-
| shdn'itrgzi || standing in the road || Adessive
|}

The pseudoverbal-nominal is a similar construction in which the verb is replaced with a deverbal noun which can be given a case, such as ''mhscsi'bhg'' "patricidist" and ''mhscsvi'bhg'' "to the patricidist".

== Sentence structure ==

Kzmr word order is primarily VSO.

Kzmr language

2024-09-30T18:45:33Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage={{Kzmr|KZMR`}}|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|[kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩]]]|Speakers=2.9 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' ({{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''tþru Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak]]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrs|Kkzmrs]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]].

Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]].

The various Kzmr lects share a consistent [[w:Diaphoneme|diaphoneme]] inventory noteworthy for having two separate 'null' phonemes as well as wholly lacking phonemic vowels.

== History ==

=== Šzþ Kzmr ===

Due to the lack of phonetic writing in early Kzmr usages of traditional Ukilen, it is difficult to delineate the history of the language cluster into separate periods. Nonetheless, the variety used in the [[Šzþ|ššzþ]], or traditional epic poems of the Kkzmrs, has various distinctive syntactical features not shared with modern varieties, and is thus classified by linguists as the distinct Šzþ Kzmr form. Some bionyms in the [[Baphian language|Baphian]] and [[Jkawi language|Jkawi]] languages are speculated to be loaned from this early variety.

=== Modern Kzmr ===

== Diaphonology ==

== Orthography ==

== Noun morphology ==

Though Kzmr preserves the original nine cases of Proto-Ukilen (albeit with the dative and locative being homophonous outside of pronouns), most other aspects of Proto-Ukilen noun morphology are either eroded or completely overhauled. Firstly, the animacy distinction is removed, with the original animate case endings having far more widespread reflexes in Kzmr. Secondly, the dual no longer exists and pluralization is instead marked, except in some irregular nouns, by reduplication of the first consonant (excluding, of course, //∅//).

=== Carrier nouns ===

In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each.

There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, ''thn-'', which patterns like ''t-''. Though commonly translated as "damned [noun]", it can also be associated with emotional valences besides contempt, such as shock or fear.

=== ''Vocativa tantum'' ===

A ''vocativum tantum'' is a noun which appears solely in the vocative case. To be used in other syntactic roles, it must be used in conjunction with a classifier noun. Though these overlap with mass nouns, not all mass nouns are ''vocativa tantum'' and vice versa. For instance, "caribou" in the nominative is phrased as ''dždu xhvnmi'' (<code>CLF caribou-VOC</code>). ''Vocativa tantum'' are pluralized by pluralizing the classifier rather than the classified noun.

=== Defective nouns ===

Defective nouns are a variety of indeclinable nouns which are assigned their syntactic role by using one of two topical postpositions and replacing their intended place in the sentence with a pronominal. The two topical postpositions are ''bþ'', used when the topic takes an agentive or patientive role, and ''nn'' used otherwise. Baphian loans, as well as abbreviated forms of Kzmr nouns, are frequently defective nouns. Take the following sentence, for instance:

''''Kshkhi bþ hhnry þ' h'u.''' <code>kuzeke.elang TOP play-PRES.IMPF 1-NOM 3.INAM-ACC</code> ''I play [[kuzeke elang]].''

The literal meaning of this expression could be translated as "As for kuzeke elang, I play it."

=== Table ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! þ' (I)
! dgšu (bird)
! Srn ([[Srn]])
! þksatrs (bat ''(hon.)'')
! *xhhny (caribou)
|-
| Nominative
| þ'
| dgšu
| Srn, tSrn
| þksatrs
| gdu xhhnmy
|-
| Accusative
| þ'u
| dgšgu
| tgSrn
| þksutrs
| gdgu xhhnmy
|-
| Dative
| þ'
| dgšvu
| tvSrn
| þksatrs
| gdvu xhhnmy
|-
| Genitive
| þž
| dgšku
| tkSrn
| þksžatrs
| gdku xhhnmy
|-
| Ablative
| þ'
| dgšdu
| tdSrn
| þksatrs
| gddu xhhnmy
|-
| Vocative
| rowspan="3" | þ'i
| dgšmu
| tmSrn
| rowspan="3" | þksitrs
| xhhnmy
|-
| Locative/Instrumental
| dgšvu
| tvSrn
| gdvu xhhnmy
|-
| Allative
| dgšhnu
| thnSrn
| gdhnu xhhnmy
|-
| Adessive
| þ'u
| dgšzu
| tzSrn
| þksutrs
| gdzu xhhnmy
|}

== Word formation ==

=== Compounding strategies ===

Kzmr compounding usually undergoes a type of sandhi where multisyllabic words in which the last epenthetic vowel was originally unstressed, the following word does not begin with //H// or //∅//, and the last consonant is not already //∅//, have //∅// appended.

Many multimorphemic words in Kzmr are formed by compounding; the resultant words are classified into various types based on the nature of the compound. The vocative strategy of compounding, inherited from Proto-Ukilen, is in modern Kzmr only one of several. The types are as follows:

==== Verbal-nominal and pseudoverbal-nominal (*''Tatpuruṣa'') ====

One common form of compound is the the verbal-nominal, stemming from a verb participle followed by a noun taking one of the seven oblique cases in Kzmr to create an adjective:

(THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE FIXED UNTIL I ACTUALLY READD PARTICIPLES

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! Translation !! Case
|-
| mhsn'innmþþgi || killing hyenas || Accusative
|-
| kksn'axxdv'i || fighting for Sirius, fighting on behalf of Sirius || Dative
|-
| tgbn'akrtšku || forged out of steel || Genitive
|-
| 'rnn'iddžbrd || having come from the mountains || Ablative
|-
| mhsbnn'izkrtmv || having been killed with a lance || Locative/Instrumental
|-
| bþrn'annrþhni || facing towards the stars || Allative
|-
| shdn'itrgzi || standing in the road || Adessive
|}

The pseudoverbal-nominal is a similar construction in which the verb is replaced with a deverbal noun which can be given a case, such as ''mhscsi'bhg'' "patricidist" and ''mhscsvi'bhg'' "to the patricidist".

== Sentence structure ==

Kzmr word order is primarily VSO.

Kzmr

2024-09-30T18:45:04Z

Kazimir: suffix shortening

'''Kzmr Confederation' redirects here. For the state prior to accession to the Democratic Union of Baphia, see [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)]].''
{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Kzmr Confederation|DependencyType=|Capital=[[Srn]]|Demonym=[[Kkzmrs|Kzmrs]]|Language=[[Kzmr language|Kzmr]] [[Baphian language|Baphian]]|Species=[[kaneedkind#Xeric Kaneeds|Xeric Kaneed]]|UnrecLanguage=[[Jkawi language|Jkawi]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Devolution|Devolved]] [[w:Confederation|confederation]] of [[Clan (Kzmr)|clans]]|Area=5.8 million km²|Population=2.6 million}}
'''Kzmr''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: {{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''Smph Kzmrk'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[səmapa kəzamrak]]]), officially the '''Kzmr Confederation''', is a sovereign state in western [[Ukilen]], sharing a land border with [[Jkawi]] to its south and [[Baphia]] to its east, and a maritime border with the [[Union of the Bellic Islands|Union]] island of [[Sakle]] to its southwest. Its capital, largest municipality, and sole inland permanent settlement is [[Srn]].

Organized as a confederation of nomadic [[clan (Kzmr)|clans]], of which there are currently seventy-four, the Kzmr Autonomous Country was formed when the earlier [[Kzmr Confederation (1624–1815)|Kzmr Confederation]] joined the Democratic Union of Baphia in 1815. In 2024, it was removed from the Baphian union due to [[the Yugim crisis]].

== History ==

''Main article: [[History of Kzmr]]''

=== Prehistory ===

The first inhabitants of modern-day Kzmr were most likely proto-Kaneeds who left the [[Jyosti Islands]] during the [[Third Ukilen Migration]] circa 2500 BCE. These early settlers eventually diverged genetically to form the xeric Kaneed subspecies.

The earliest artifacts whose date can be properly ascertained are those from the [[Mount Rknu]] archaeological site, which includes a variety of objects such as ceramics and jewelry dating to roughly 2300 BCE. This is the [[w:Type site|type site]] for the eponymous [[Mount Rknu culture]], who unlike the modern Kkzmrs, are thought to have led a sedentary life at an extremely small population. Artifacts associated with the Mount Rknu culture are no longer attested after circa 2100 BCE, and some scholars propose that the sudden collapse of this culture resulted from a famine.

[[File:Stannite herder's crook.jpg|thumb|[[w:Cold working|Cold-worked]] [[w:stannite|stannite]] head of a Kzmr herder's crook, from the [[Museum of Early Ukilen]] in [[Turku]].]]
The nomadism of the modern Kkzmrs ostensibly began around 2000 BCE, as artifacts such as herder's crooks and tent stakes begin to become attested in this period. These [[proto-Kkzmrs]] eventually separated into the ancestral groups of the three modern morphs of xeric Kaneed, with the sophonts in the far northern tundra adapting as the Beringian Kaneeds and those in the desert and shrublands forming the Blanfordian and Karagan Kaneeds. In Kzmr oral traditions, the common ancestors of each of these groups are known as [[Mntmr]], [[Þsnmr]], and [[Fkshmr]] respectively.

=== Protohistory ===

Though internal historiography of Kzmr is extremely sparse until the formation of a unified Kzmr identity in the 16th century CE, precipitating the establishment of the Kzmr Confederation, there exists a rich body of oral history with relatively little variance between clans. In addition to this, sources from Baphian antiquity provide an external view of some eastern Kzmr clans.

==== East Ukilen raids ====
[[File:Bxvi.jpg|thumb|A set of modern-day ''bbxvi'' from northern Kzmr.]]
A great wealth of historiography, both internal and external, exists regarding the participation of various Kzmr clans and septs in the [[East Ukilen raids]], particularly the [[Raid of Bongsibon]] circa 100–250 CE. Unlike the longstanding tradition of [[Oryx raid|oryx raiding]], which to this day remains a typically nonviolent variety of theft, the actions of Kzmr razzieurs during this period were quite devastating to the local population, causing roughly half of the Kali casualties in the Raid of Bongsibon. Smaller-scale trans-Baphian razzias continued well into the Nth century. The spoils of these incursions, often goods which were unavailable or difficult in the desert climate, were particularly valuable to the Kkzmrs in this era, and the legacy of this unilateral transfer remains in Kzmr culture to this day. For instance, the ''[[bxvi]]'', a stringed instrument of [[Kzmr folk music]], is derived from the [[Kali viol]], first brought to Kzmr during these raids.

==== Warring Clans Era ====
The Warring Clans era began with the decline of the East Ukilen raids, a trend that led to an increased population from returning razzieurs in conjunction with the gradual exhaustion of Bongsibon’s more important resources. The resulting resource crisis, roughly lasting from 270 to 285 CE, is known as the [[Kzmr Famine]]. Exacerbated by historical [[w:Overgrazing|overgrazing]] and the resultant period of sandstorms known as the [[Years of Dust]], the paucity of reliable food caused an upsurge in oryx raiding. Even after the Kzmr Famine, retaliatory actions prolonged the warring clans era.

[[File:Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Nmþþ'ibžnu Kkršn Manor]].]]
These new inter-clan raids, ranging from minor skirmishes to standard warfare, stimulated the development of a [[w:Tribute|tributary system]] in Kzmr, in which more vulnerable septs or clans paid levies, usually in the form of dairy, livestock, or forageables, to their more militarily adept counterparts in exchange for a guarantee of protection by the [[w:Suzerainty|suzerain]]. In some cases, suzerains could themselves be tributaries of other septs or clans. This system allowed some suzerains to live a sedentary lifestyle off of these levies, prompting the construction of [[w:Manor house|manor houses]] which constitute the earliest permanent examples of [[Kzmr architecture]]. After the decline of the tributary system, the manor house of [[Srn]] and its surrounding villas were repurposed as a phylaciopolis – a city consisting of storehouses, archives, and residences for their workers.

==== Pax Casambriana ====
Roughly concurrent with the [[Baphia#Peace Era|peace era in Baphia]], the Pax Casambriana is generally accepted as beginning in 687 CE, with the armistice of the [[Hnþ–Bkršsg'attcsu feud]]. This era was characterized by extensive technological, artistic, and infrastructural development which set the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Kzmr Confederation. The development of the portable forge in the early eighth century allowed for the spread of more sophisticated forms of metallurgy to non-manorial groups, and writing became similarly widely accessible in the tenth century with the design of the [[Kzmr alphabet]] as a supplement to the [[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|traditional Ukilen]] script.

This era of technological progress was also stimulated by the formation of independent trades. In this period, members of a given clan had greater autonomy and could visit other clans without diplomatic concern, allowing for peripatetic work in exchange for food or goods, especially in the fields of textiles, metallurgy, and delivery. These itinerant workers eventually formed [[w:Guild|guilds]] which later evolved into the occupational [[Pseudoclan|pseudoclans]].

[[File:Pre-rococo robe, detail.jpg|thumb|Detail from a pre-rococo robe, c. 1533, from the [[Srn Fine Arts Center]].]]
The arts also flourished greatly in this period, with [[Kzmr music notation]] being invented by [[Krgrnsvatrnakrpš]] in 922 CE, originally to transcribe [[Nrþki'rdu]] liturgical music. Eventually, it was extended to the creation of new motets, and soon after to the composition of secular music. Music of the Pax Casambriana was extremely varied and characterized by heavy experimentation, and the era gave rise to some of the most prolific composers in Kzmr history. The visual arts also underwent a revolution of their own, with the burgeoning guild system allowing specialization in textile art and metalwork. Artifacts from this time period include jewelry made from finely woven copper wire as well as oryx leather and felted rabbit fur embroidered by hand, of which the vegetation-inspired ornamentation was the prototype of the [[Kzmr rococo]] movement.

[[Category:Ukilen]]
[[Category:Country]]

Kzmr calendar

2024-09-15T02:45:37Z

Kazimir:

The '''Kzmr calendar''' ([[Kzmr language|Kzmr]]: ''hvmk'asdti'') is a system of two interlocking calendars, one [[w:Lunar calendar|lunar]] and one [[w:Solar calendar|solar]]. Traditionally, the lunar aspect of the calendar is used for festivals whereas the solar is used for agricultural purposes.

== Solar calendar ==

The Kzmr solar calendar, known as ''hvmk'asdti sphk'', is a 365-day cycle divided into eight months and four additional days which roughly correspond to the solstices and equinoxes. In the months leading up to a solstice day the days are counted backwards; for instance, the first day of Mfanrh is called Mfanrh 45.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Month
! Days
|-
| rowspan="3" | Summer (''th'')
| Mfath
| 46–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rmath
|-
| Bstath
| 1–45
|-
| rowspan="3" | Fall ('''sþbhi'')
| Mfa'sþbhi
| 45–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rma'sþbhi
|-
| Bsta'sþbhi
| 1–45
|-
| rowspan="3" | Winter (''sv'')
| Mfasv
| 45–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rmasv
|-
| Bstasv
| 1–45
|-
| rowspan="3" | Spring (''nrh'')
| Mfanrh
| 45–1
|-
| colspan="2" | Rmanrh
|-
| Bstanrh
| 1–45
|}

In years that are equal to 0, 4, 8, or 13 [[w:Modulo|modulo]] 17, an additional day after Rmath is added called Ptmurmath.

== Lunar calendar ==

The Kzmr lunar calendar, known as ''hvmk'asdti ngk'', does not actually attempt to reflect the astronomical year, but rather is a 148-day cycle divided into five periods lasting roughly a lunar month.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Days
|-
| Ng Kžri (red moon)
| 30
|-
| Ng Žrxci (gray moon)
| 30
|-
| Ng Krn (black moon)
| 29
|-
| Ng Hšri (blue moon)
| 29
|-
| Ng Hrhi (white moon)
| 30
|}

== Weekdays ==

The nine days of the Kzmr week are named after the nine [[w:Classical planet|classical planets]] visible to [[Kaneedkind#Xeric_Kaneeds|xeric Kaneeds]], and are as follows:
# Ngkahvm (day of the Moon)
# 'Tdk'uhvm (day of Mercury)
# Sgrk'uhvm (day of Venus)
# Sphk'ahvm (day of the Sun)
# 'Hhgrgkihvm (day of Mars)
# 'Hntkuhvm (day of Vesta)
# Fbrgkyhvm (day of Jupiter)
# 'Zhk'ahvm (day of Saturn)
# 'Knk'ahvm (day of Uranus)

Amafjk language

2024-09-12T20:54:49Z

Kazimir:

Amafjk language

2024-09-12T20:54:13Z

Kazimir:

Amafjk language

2024-09-12T20:52:54Z

Kazimir:

Amafjk language

2024-09-12T18:17:34Z

Kazimir:

Amafjk language

2024-09-12T14:21:38Z

Kazimir:

Amafjk language

2024-09-12T13:47:38Z

Kazimir:

Matkha

2024-09-12T13:30:41Z

Kazimir:

{{Infobox:Country|EnglishName=Republic of Matkha|LocalName=Matjx Sefjfsjke ne Ripublika vihy Vmatxa|Capital=[[Xassj Efjnes]]|Population=1.3 million|Demonym=[[Matkhans|Matkha]]|Language=[[Amafjk language|Amafjk]] Regional languages: [[Ngyo language|Ngyo]]|Species=Kjarelen|Ethnicities=[[Tantj'se Tasfimjx]], [[Wla]]|GovernmentType=[[w:Parliamentary republic|Parliamentary republic]] with a [[w:Figurehead|ceremonial head of state]]|Currency=[[Naxfitas]]|TrafficDirection=Right|CallingCode=+33|InternetCode=.mt|3LetterCode=MAT|Flag=Matxa.png}}
'''Matkha''' ([[Amafjk language|Amafjk]]: ''Matxa'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[ṽætˣx̪͆æ]]], [[Ngyo language|Ngyo]]: ''Vmatxa'', pronunciation: [[w:Help:IPA|[vmatχ͢xa]]],), officially the '''Republic of Matkha''', is an archipelago nation in the northern [[Bellic Ocean]] consisting of five major islands and various smaller islets and atolls. It shares no land-based or maritime borders, but the closest states are [[Kasten]] and [[Haobora]]. With the exception of [[Tantj Tasfemjx · Kaksj'x-Itisjx]] and [[Tantj Tasfemjx · Kaksj'x-Fimnj]], the five inhabited islands of Matkha are separated by large spans of water and have thus developed vastly different languages and cultures.

The country is divided into four provinces each centered on one of the primary islands, all of which except for [[Tantj Tasfemjx Province|Tantj Tasfemjx]] include many outlying islands. In addition to this, there is a region known as the [[Scattered Islands Census Area]], consisting of 131 islands that are de jure not a part of any province, but whose citizens are subject to the laws of Tantj Tasfemjx, able to vote in Tantj Tasfemjx local elections, and able to join the [[Tantj Tasfemjx Provincial Guard]]. In total, there are 267 islands larger than 1 km², of which 168 are inhabited. The inhabited islands vary in size from 22 km² ([[Vpñuwvlyahwp]]) to 25,428 km².

== History ==

=== Matkha migrations ===

[[File:Saskjmis Njtte boat reconstruction.png|thumb|Reconstruction of the Saskjmis Njtte boat.]]

It is thought that the first island of Matkha to be settled was Kaksj'x-Itisjx, being encountered circa 3500 BCE by explorers who departed from modern-day [[Xjetjeŋ]], with Kaksj'x-Fimnj being settled shortly after. One of the oldest known boats, a [[w:Driftwood|driftwood]]-based [[w:Sewn boat|sewn boat]] known as the [[Saskjmis Njtte boat]] which has been carbon dated to roughly 3430 BCE, was discovered off the coast of Kaksj'x-Itisjx by a fisher in 1994.

The second island to be settled was [[Vpñuwpaw]] around 2800 BCE, by common ancestors of the Wla and [[Kjareliq]] originating from the island of [[Aqcjam]]. Around this time, the early Tantj'se Tasfimjx began to make forays into the nearest outlying islands, and during this process eventually set foot on (PLACEHOLDER) around 1900 BCE.

The Matkha migrations began to slow down in 740 BCE, with the first permanent settlement of (PLACEHOLDER) by sailors from Vpñuwpaw. This island was already previously known to the Wla, with records of castaways being marooned there dating back to 980 BCE written in the [[interior Ngyo script]].

=== Monarchic era ===

In 418 BCE, the various small chiefdoms of Vpñuwpaw were united under the [[Vpñuwpaw Kingdom]] by King [[Zknri I]], the first monarch of the [[Ðatvlyu dynasty]]. He was descended from the line of [[Zltah Chiefdom|Zltah]] chiefs, who under the new system were retroactively and posthumously considered as monarchs part of the [[Wmlukvlyu dynasty]], meaning that the first ruler in traditional lineages is not Zknri I but rather the semi-legendary Queen [[Vñluhmrwiy I]].

Circa 320 BCE, the [[Tantj Tasfemjx Duumvirate]] was established. Under this system, two co-sovereigns represented the two islands of the nation, each having veto power over the other. In addition, their declarations could be vetoed by a supermajority vote from the [[Assembly of Chiefs and High Priests]], a council formed from all local chiefs, with areas not under a chief system being represented by the local [[fasan]], often translated as 'priest' or 'high priest', referring to a religiously learned elder with informal authority comparable to that found in a [[w:Big man (anthropology)|big man]] system.

Amafjk language

2024-09-12T01:00:17Z

Kazimir:

Amafjk language

2024-09-11T23:53:16Z

Kazimir: Created page with "{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Amafjk|NativeLanguage=Amafjk / sataxjx Jmefjk|Speakers=416,000|LanguageFamily=Language isolate (disputed)|WritingSystem=Amafjk script|OfficialLanguage=Matkha|3Lettercode=AMA}} '''Amafjk''' (pronunciation: [æṽæɸiᵑkˣ]; or ''sataxjx Jmefjk'', pronunciation: [r̝̊ætˣæx̪͆ix̪͆ iṽeɸiᵑkˣ]) is the de facto w:Lingua fra..."